1.
action as antimetabolites: create competiton w/ enzymes or might be incorporated in the DNA
2.
amantadine: prevents influenza A; use fews days before to week after exposure
3.
aminoglycosides: strepomyosin- broad spectrum antibiotic; SIDE EFFECTS: damage kidney, inner ear infections; permanent ringing of ears
4.
antibiotic: chem produced by microbes that kill or inhibit other organisms
5.
antifungal agents: imidazoles and triazoles; polyenes; griseofulvin
6.
antihelminthic agent: pesticides; niciosamide, mebendazole
7.
antimicrobial agent: groups of chemotherapeutic agents used to treat disease caused by microbes
8.
antiprotozoan agents: quinine- from bark of tree, TREAT: malaria; chloroquine and primaquine- messes w/ protein synthesis, TREAT: malaria; metroidazole- breakage to DNA, cause black tongue, TREAT: trichomonas (STD)-gym shower, giardia- drink "clean" water that is not clean
9.
antiviral agents: pruine and pyrimidine analogs, amantadine, treatment of AIDS, interferons and immunoenhancers
10.
attributes of an ideal antimicrobial agent: solubility in body fluids, selective toxicity, toxicity not easily altered, nonallergenic, stability, resistance, long shelf life, reasonable cost
11.
automated methods: using machinery to determine if antimicrobial will kill microbe; incubation chamber; recorded by computer
12.
broad spectrum: kills Gram + and Gram -
13.
cephalosporins: keflex; TREAT: Gram + rods
14.
chemotherapeutic agent: any chem sub used in medicine
15.
chemotherapy: use of chem substances to treat disease; antibiotics; any med
16.
chloramphenicol: banned in US 1997; cause bone marrow damage, blindness; use in lanbs for gene marking and cloning
17.
cross-resistance: resistant to 2 or more similar antimicrobial agents
18.
dilution method: serial dilution; 1 ml to 9 ml= 1:10; how little of agent needed to kill bacteria
19.
disk diffusion method: disk w/ antimicrobial tested on agar plate
20.
disrpution of cell membrane function: dissolves membrane or interferes w/ movement of substances in/out of cell
21.
disrupters of cell membranes: polymyxins- can cause kidney damage, respiratory arrest; treat: skin infections, topical agents; TREAT: Gram -
22.
ethambutol: kills certain strains of mycobacteria; new drug
23.
first-line, second line, third line drugs: drugs used everytime; no longer effective; move to second line, etc.; 1st-sulfonamides, 2 penicillin, 3 spectinomycin
24.
griseofulvin: derived for superficial fungal infections; not absorbed well in intestinal tract; orally then sweat out; few side effects; for hair, nail skin
25.
how resistance is acquired: over usage of drug or not take whole dose
26.
imidazoles and triazoles: topical creams; skin infections, candida, thrush, under nails, those cause yeast infections
27.
inhibition of cell wall synthesis: agents allow membrane of the affected microbe to rupture and release cell contents
28.
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis: agent interferes with DNA replication, may disrupt info on DNA
29.
inhibition of protein synthesis: agent prevents growth by disrupting the ribosomes
30.
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis: penicillin, cephalosporins, other agents that act on cell walls
31.
inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis: rifampin- blocks RNA synthesis; TREAT: tuberculosis; quinolones- synthetic, new, ciproflaxin; TREAT: anthrax, Gram+/Gram-
32.
inhibitors of protein synthesis: aminglycosides; tetracyclines; chloramphenicol
33.
interferons and immunoenhancers: we produce our own proteins; WARTS
34.
isoniazid: give dietary supplements; mess w/ absorption in digestive tract; TREAT: tuberculosis
35.
limiting drug resistance: finish prescription; take 2 antibiotics at same time; take when necessary
36.
lincosamides: affects protein synthesis; semi-synthetic drug; not any better than others; organisms form resistance
37.
long shelf life: keep therapeutic properties overtime
38.
macrolides: affect protein synthesis; erythromycin, zithromax, bioxin; TREAT: strep, chlamydia, legine aires disease; least toxic of antibiotics
39.
mebendazole: not for pregnant women- damage to fetus; TREAT: whip/pin/hook worms
40.
mechanisms of resistance: alteration of targets- affect ribosomes; alteration of membrane permiability- antibiotic can't go through cell; development of enzymes- may inactivate antibiotic; alteration of enzymes; alteration of metabolic reaction
41.
modes of action: what part of cell antimicrobial attacking; inhibition of cell wall synthesis, disruption of cell membrane function, inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, action as antimetabolites
42.
narrow spectrum: very specific, you know what disease you are treating
43.
niciosamide: inactivates products made by worm itself; TREAT: tapeworm infections
44.
nitrofurans: synthesized; TREAT: urinary infections
45.
nonallergenic: not elicit allergic reaction
46.
other agents that act on cell wall: carbapenems- new antibiotic, can be toxic; bacitracin- TREAT: Gram + rods
47.
other antifungal agents: synthetic drugs- tinactin, lamisil; few side effects- drying of area
48.
other antihelminthic agents: roundworms, ascaris
49.
penicillins: made from mold; rapidly absorbed by blood, reaches max concentration rapidly; TREAT: Gram + rods, strep, pneumonia
50.
polyenes: amphotericin B- used for years for fungi infections; side effects- fever, chill, kidney; not used as much; nystatin- oral; TREAT: yeast infection
51.
purine and pyrimidine analogs: acyclovir and zovarax- oral/topical, reduce pain; TREAT: herpes virus
52.
reasonable cost: affortable to patient
53.
resistance: few mo resistant to agent
54.
resistance of microorganisms: no longer suseptable to grow
55.
selective toxicity: harm from microbe happens w/o significant host damage
56.
selective toxicity: agent must be more toxic to mo than to host
57.
semi-synthetic drugs: drug made by microbe then we alter in lab (penicillin)
58.
serum killing power: obtain blood sample while patient on antibiotics; add bacterial to blood sample to see what happens
59.
side effects of antimicrobials: toxicity- some exert toxic effects on patients; allergy- reaction, body reacts to agents; disruption of normal microflora- kills natural body microflora, result in super infection allows bad microbes to enter
60.
solubility in body fluids: dissolve in body fluid to transport throughout body
61.
special problems w/ drug resistant hospital infections: they mutate
62.
spectrum of activity: range of microbes that are treated with antimicrobial; broad or narrow
63.
stability: get up to level in body and stay at that level; no degrade
64.
sulfonamides: sulfa group; cause kidney damage, skin rashes; TREAT: meningitis, UTI; toxic to bone marrow
65.
synthetic drugs: drug synthesized in lab
66.
tetracyclines: not for pregnant women, cause birth defects; not for children <5, affect teeth; TREAT: acne, chlamydia, fungal infections
67.
toxicity not easily altered: maintain standard toxicity; no change in interaction w/ foods
68.
treatment of AIDS: treatments; NO CURE
