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1. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Increases the release of corticosteroids, particularly cortisol
- produced and secreted by anterior pituitary gland
- produced in response to biological stress
- can cause hypernatremia if excess secretion

2. aldosterone: Acts on kidney tubules to increase reabsorption of sodium and decrease reabsorption of potassium
- because the retention of sodium causes water retention, it acts as a volume regulator
- increased fluid volume by osmosis, as water follows sodium
- the overall effect of mechanism is sodium and water retention, restoration of blood volume

3. angiotensin 2: causes massive vasoconstriction of many blood vessels, which in turn increases blood flow to the kidneys improving renal perfusion
- stimulates the release of aldosterone

4. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Prevents diuresis, causes body to save water, causes capillaries to reabsorb more water, so urine is more concentrated and less volume is excreted
- produced by hypothalamus, works at renal tubular level, stored in posterior pituitary gland
- released when there are changes in the blood osmolarity (any condition when we lose too much fluid)
- works on the renal tubules and collecting ducts to save water and return it to systemic circulation

5. Atrial natriuretic peptide/factor (ANP/F): Stimulates excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, decreased synthesis of renin, decreased release of aldosterone, and vasodilation
- released by the atria in response to stretching of the atria by increased blood volume
- reduces blood volume and lowers blood pressure

6. brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): Works to decrease blood volume and BP through the following mechanisms: vasodilates the arteries and veins, decreases release of aldosterone, causes diuresis with excretion of both sodium and water
- cardiac hormone found within ventricles that is released with increased blood volume and increased BP when the ventricles are stretched

7. hormones: ________ are the main regulators of fluid balance.
- they control extracellular fluid by adjusting the concentration of specific electrolytes, osmolality of body fluids, the volume of extracellular fluid, blood volume, and pH

8. Renin: - secreted by the kidneys
- secreted when blood volume (decreased renal perfusion) or blood pressure falls
- acts to produce angiotensin 1 in the liver which causes vasoconstriction
- angiotensin 1 is easily converted to angiotensin 2 in the lungs
- causes the release of aldosterone (in adrenal cortex) with subsequent sodium and water retention