| Term | Definition |
|---|
| cocaine | Local anaesthetics were developed from... |
| general anaesthetics | What is the most important class of drugs known? |
| block nerve conduction | What is the action of local anaesthetics? |
| adrenaline | What is a common vasoconstrictor used with local anaesthetics? |
| prolong action | Why are vasoconstrictors sometimes used with local anaesthetics? |
| smaller diameter A-delta and C | What fibres carry pain signals? |
| i.v. injection | What is one way that local anaesthetics are never administered? |
| tetrododoxin, saxitoxin, cocaine | Name 3 natural products that selectively block Na+ channels |
| erythroxylon coca | What plant does cocaine come from? |
| 1884 | When was cocaine first used as a local anaesthetic? |
| amides or esters | Modern local anaesthetics are... |
| noradrenaline uptake | Modern local anaesthetics do not affect... |
| 7.9 | What is the pKa of lignocaine? |
| neutral | What species of lignocaine crosses the plasma membrane? |
| ionic | Which species of lignocaine has a higher affinity for the active site? |
| prilocaine, levobupivacaine, cocaine, benzocaine | List 4 other local anaesthetics apart from lignocaine |
| stabilise inactivated state | What is the action of local anaesthetics at the Na+ channel? |
| prevents potential reaching threshold | What does the blockage of the Na+ channel by local anaesthetics do? |
| puffer fish | Where does tetrododoxin come from? |
| TTX sensitive Na+ channels | What does tetrododoxin bind to? |
| lipid solubility is poor | Why is tetrododoxin not clinically useful as a local anaesthetic? |
| eugenol | What is an anaesthetic often used in dentristry that comes from clove oil? |
| premedication, induction, maintenance | What are the 3 drug "stages" used in general anaesthesia? |
| benzodiazepines, atropine | What are 2 drugs often given in the premed stage of general anaesthesia? |
| thiopentone, propofol | What are 2 drugs often given in the induction stage of general anaesthesia (to put you to sleep)? |
| propofol | What is a drug given in maintenance anaesthesia via i.v.? |
| sevoflurane | What is a drug given in maintenance anaesthesia in gaseous form? |
| suppress neuronal transmission in ascending reticular activating system | What is the action of general anaesthetics on the brain stem? |
| lipid solubility | The potency of general anaesthetics is extremely well correlated with what? |
| MAC | Minimum alveolar concentration for anaesthesia |
| minimum alveolar concentration | MAC stands for... |
| 100 | For useful general anaesthetics, the oil/water partition coefficient is often about... |
| potentiate GABAa receptor so GABA has more effect | What is the present understanding of why general anaesthetics work? |
| propofol | A recently discovered general anaesthetic that is given intravenously and has a fast onset |
| fast onset and very fast recovery | What is the main benefit of propofol as a general anaesthetic? |
| 30 seconds | About how long is the onset of propofol? |
| 30 - 60 minutes | What is the elimination half-life of propofol? |
| lower, faster | The ____ the solubility in blood, the ___ the process of equilibration to give anaesthesia |
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