Ch. 34
Order by
21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 London Economic Conference | a 60 nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates; FDR's decision to end American participation contributed to a deepening economic crisis *Roosevelt's rejection of the agreement gathered an overwhelmingly negative response from the British, the French, and internationalists in the United States *the collapse of the London Conference strengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism |
| Good Neighbor Policy | FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region *resulted in the withdrawal of U.S. Marines from Haiti and Nicaragua in 1934 and the annulment of the Platt Amendment |
| Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act | reversed traditional high-protective tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners; chief architect was *avoided the dangerous uncertainties of a wholesale tariff revision *global markets increasingly progress; world trade expands at a rapid pace |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | a nefarious treaty that allied Adolf Hitler's Germany and Benito Mussolini's Italy; signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War *revealed to the Allied powers that there was an imminent threat in Europe |
| Johnson Debt Default Act | this act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the U.S. *contributed to the isolationism of the U.S. in order to stay out of WWII |
| Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 | Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War; prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign powers *sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts; emphasized isolationism *limited the U.S. government's ability to aid Britain against Nazi Germany |
| Abraham Lincoln Brigade | Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War; defended Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist army; some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries *embodied the America's anti-fascism and passion for fighting for democracy |
| Quarantine Speech | an important speech delivered by FDR where he stated that land-hungry dictators must be isolated via economic embargos *intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by non-interventionists and foes to intervention |
| Appeasement | policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich; satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability *allowed the allies to maintain peace with Germany and the axis powers temporarily *would ultimately fail after the Hitler-Stalin pact |
| Hitler-Stalin pact | treaty signed in 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union decided not to fight each other; Stalin gives Hitler permission to attack Poland *paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western Democracies; helped spur the start of World War II *Britain and France realized the folly of appeasement |
| Neutrality Act of 1939 | this act required that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships *symbolized the effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks *improved American moral and economic position |
| Kristallnacht | "night of broken glass," refers to the murderous event that destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues; sent thousands to concentration camps; thousands attempt to seek refuge in the U.S. but are turned away due to immigration laws * followed by further economic and political persecution of Jews; viewed by historians as part of Nazi Germany's broader racial policy, and the beginning of the Final Solution and the Holocaust |
| War Refugee Board | a United States agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps *performed noble work, credited with rescuing as many as 200,000 Jews from Nazi occupied countries *did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered |
| Lend-Lease Bill | the United States would loan supplies to countries fighting Hitler (primarily the Allies) and payment would be worked out after the war *the law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality; praised as a device for keeping the nation out of WWII *was a critical factor in the eventual success of the Allies in World War II |
| Atlantic Charter | FDR and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sign this agreement on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941 *outlined the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security *would animate the founding of the U.N. and raise awareness of the human rights of individuals after WWII |
| Pearl Harbor | an American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties in 1941 *forced the U.S. to join WWII; would lead to the bombing of Hiroshima |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy, he led Italy to conquer Ethiopia, joined Germany in the Axis pact , and allied Italy with Germany in World War II; overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy *led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism *led Italy into World War II on the side of the Axis |
| Adolf Hitler | dictator that was the leader of the Nazi Party; believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces *led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933; led Europe into World War II *his antisemitism led to the development of concentration camps and one of the most drastic genocides of history |
| Francisco Franco | Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death *organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War *leader of the Nationalists; supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting |
| Cordell Hull | Senator from Tennessee, Secretary of State during FDR's presidency; believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff *member of FDR's brain trust; longest serving Secretary of State; founded the United Nations and won the Nobel Peace Prize |
| Wendell L. Willkie | Indiana lawyer and little-known Republican candidate who challenged FDR for his third term in office in 1940, launching a whirlwind campaign based on his strong appeal *although largely appealing, Willkie lost because he lacked political experience *crusaded against domestic policies of the New Deal that he thought were inefficient and anti-business |
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