| Term | Definition |
|---|
| republic | political system where supreme power lies in citizens who vote representatives |
| Roman Ideal | soldier farmer |
| ROMAN republic | struggle of control; constantly evolving |
| senate | elected patrician |
| assembly | given to plebians because they threatened to rebel |
| consuls | chosen from upper class |
| good aspects of etruscans | technology, civilizing, advance latins |
| bad aspects of etruscans | enslaved latins, took land from latins, monarchy with no latin involvement |
| first triumvirate | crassus pompey caesar |
| caesar | military hero |
| pompey | stays in rome |
| crassus | dies in battle |
| pompey sends caesar a.. | ultimatum |
| ultimatum | threat |
| dictatorship | form of government in which the ruler is in absolute control |
| pietas | devotion to duty |
| plebeians | poor |
| patrician | rich |
| paterfamilias | father is head of family, woman are secondary |
| patronage | system where patricians are protected by plebeians |
| the twelve tables | code of law |
| punic war was between | rome and carthrage |
| punic war was for | control of Mediterranean trade |
| effects on plebeians by punic wars | they get poorer |
| effects on patricians by punic wars | they get richer |
| Hannibal | Carthrage general |
| who won punic wars | ROME |
| roman achievements of architecture | arches, coliseum, baths |
| roman achievements of engineering | roads, aqueducts |
| gracchi brothers | first to stand up for poor |
| sulla | general who is senator, trys to make things better for plebians |
| caesar killed | by brutus, stabbed in the back |
| ides of march | day caesar died |
| second triumverate | augustus, antony, lepidius |
| augustus | western rome, |
| antony | eastern rome, falls in love with cleopatra, defeated by augustus, |
| ludpidieus | forced out |
| first emperor of rome | augustus |
| what is augustus known for | disguising a monarchy as a republic |
| pax romana | peace of rome, stability, prosperity. |
| slaves (rome) | cheap labor, stopped innovation |
| economic and social condtions fall of rome | no tax money coming in, no trade, $ lost its value, suddenly things cost more |
| succcession problems | no identifyed successor in rome |
| the barabarian invasions | sudden forced fall of rome |
| byzantine empire | eastern roman empire, survives fall of rome |
| empires in west africa | ghana, mali, songhay |
| what is known of west africa | camel caravans, gold/salt trade, |
| typical african political organization | kinship |
| kinship | based on family |
| western african empires poltics | monarchs, all empires ruled by muslim king |
| religious tolerance in west africa | when wealthy kings and merchants converted to islam they did not force conversion on people |
| ghana begins | gold trade |
| ghana | "land of gold" |
| mali major city | timbuktu |
| timbuktu | intellectual center, first university |
| sundiata | founder of mali |
| Mansa Musa | king of mali |
| mansa musa famous for | pilgrimage to mecca |
| mansa musa brought to mali | scholars |
| sunni ali | founder of songhai |
| cosmopolitan | diverse cities |
| lingua franca | combination of bantu and arabic |
| five pillars of islam | regulations to be followed by muslim |
| what are the five pillars of islam | 1. allah is one god 2. pray 5x day facing mecca 3. charity 4.fast during ramadan 5. take 1 pilgrimage to mecca during your life |
| mecca | holy city of islam |
| kaaba | building muslims shuffled around during pilgrimage in mecca |
| koran | holy book of islam |
| mosque | temple, place of worship for islam |
| hajj | arabic word for pilgrimage |
| ramadan | holiday islams fast during |
| sunni/shiite | two types of islam |
| jijhad | holy war of islam |
| muhhammad | last prophet in islam |
| imam | religous leader of islam |
| four types of christianity | catholicism, protestantism, mormonism, orthodox |
| bible | holy book of christianity |
| investiture crisis | pope excommunicates henry 4th for placing his own bishops |
| formal concordant of worms | state or government can give clergy land but only church can give religious power |
| reasons for development of manoralism | roman cities were violent, barbarian tribes attacking, no stable government. |
| manors | self sufficient communities, safe |
| pope urban II | began the crusades |
| indulgances | church sold for forgiveness of sins |
| impact of feudal militaries | forced kings to given rights and protections to nobles and merchants |
| maya geography | highlands, dry peninsula, rainforest |
| the underworld MAYA | heaven, for those in died in childbirth, sacrificied, or kings |
| bloodletting | blood to nourish gods |
| ball game | to decide who is sacrificied |
| calendars | sacred round, solar year, long count |
| fatalism | belief in fate |
| destruction of maya | overpopulation -> malnourishment, disease |
| inca accomplishments | roads and bridges |
| cult of ancestor | when inca died. cult was formed to worship him |
| weird successes of inca | brain surgery |
| inca politics | absolute monarchy |
| absolute monarchy | king has absolute control |
| quipus | inca record keeping system |
| inti | inca sun god |
| pizzaro | spanish conquisador that conquered incas |
| aztects agriculture system | chinapas |
| chimapas | agriculture system |
| human sacarifices reason for aztecs | believed the sun would not rise if they missed one |
| cortes | spanish conquisador that conquered aztects |
| montezuma | aztec leader stoned to death by people |
| printing press | promoted literature, renaissance |
| petrach | first humanist poet |
| erasmus | leading humanist, translate new testament |
| machiavelli | better to be feared than loved |
| brunellsechi | founded renaissance style |
| da vinchi and michelangelo | artists of renaissance |
| renaissance art characteristics | perspective, 3D, realistic, geometric shaes, secular, individuals |
| renaissance woman/man | well rounded |
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