A & P Chapter 7 Bone Tissue
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25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bone (osseus) tissue | connective tissue w/ matrix hardened by minerals (calcium phosphate |
| Shapes of bones | long short flat irregular |
| diaphysis (shaft) | contains endosteum (osteogenic cells and reticular connective tissue) |
| General Features of Bones | diaphysis (shaft) epipyses (englarged ends) joint surface covered with articular cartilage shaft covered with periosteum |
| Nutrient foramen | where blood vessels penetrate into bone |
| Structure of flat bone | compact bone spongy bone (absorbs shock) compact bone |
| osteoblast | bone building |
| osteoclast | bone dissolving |
| osteon | basic structural unit of compact bone osteocytes connected to each other and their blood supply by tiny cell processes in canaliculi |
| Spongy bone | provides strength and little weight -trabeculae develop along bone's lines of stress |
| bone marrow | hemopoetic (produces blood cells) in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of femur and humerus in adults (children nearly all bones) |
| Interstitial growth (of epiphyseal plate) | bones increase in length |
| appositional growth | bones increase in width |
| bone remodeling | throughout life greater density and mass of bone in athletes or manual worker is an adaption to stress |
| dwarfism | spontaneous mutation during DNA replication failure of cartilage growth |
| mineral deposition | minerals cover fibers and harden matrix (bone) -ions (calcium and phosphate and from blood plasma) are deposited along the fibers -ion concentration must reach the solubility product for crystal formation to occur |
| mineral resorption | bone dissolved and minerals released into blood performed by osteoclasts |
| calcium | needed in neurons, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis |
| phosphate | component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, and pH buffers |
| ion imbalances | changes in phosphate levels (little effect) changes in calcium can be serious -hypocalcemia (deficiency of blood calcium) - causes excitability of nervous system -hypercalcemia (excess of blood calcium) - binding to cell surface makes sodium channels less likely to open, depressing nervous system (sodium-excites, calcium-relaxes muscle) |
| calcitriol (activated vitamin D) | liver and kidney convert to vitamin D behaves as hormone that RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM concentration OSTEOCLASTS |
| calcitonin | secreted (C cells of thyroid gland) when the calcium concentration rises too high LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM increases # and activity of OSTEOBLASTS important in children reduces bone loss in osteoporosis |
| parathyroid hormone | released with low calcium blood levels function: RAISE blood calcium level OSTEOCLASTS |
| Bone growth | girls grow and reach full height faster (estrogen stronger effect) males grow longer time and taller growth stops-epiphyseal plate "closes" |
| healing of fractures | stages: 1) fracture hematoma - clot forms, then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue 2) soft callus - fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage 3) hard callus - osteoblasts produce a bony collar in 6 weeks, temporary stint, immobilize 4) remodeling in 3 to 4 months - spongy bone replaced by compact bone |
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