chapter 5
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thunderman57 on February 26, 2012
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 hypothesis | a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory |
| variables | a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary ( or change) from one case to another |
| operational definition | the way in which a researcher measures a variable |
| research method ( or research design) | one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data; surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, documents,experiments, and unobtrusive measures |
| validity | the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measures |
| reliability | the extenet to which research produce consistent or dependable results |
| replication | the repetition of a study in order to test its findings |
| survey | the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions |
| population | a target group to be studied |
| sample | the individual intended to represent the population to be studied |
| random sample | a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study |
| stratified random sample | a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being incluided in the research |
| respondents | people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionaires |
| questionnaires | a list of questions to be asked of respondents |
| self administered questionnaires | questionnaires that respondents fill out |
| interview | direct questioning of respondents |
| interviewer bias | effects that interviewers have on respondents that lead to biased answers |
| structured interviews | interviews that use closed-ended question |
| closed -ended question | questions that are followed by a list of possible answer to be selected by the respondent |
| unstructure interviews | interviews that use open ended question |
| open ended question | question that respondents answer in thier own words |
| rapport | a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying |
| participant observation ( or fieldwork) | research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happeing in that setting |
| generalizability | the extent to which the findings from one group ( or sample ) can be generalized or applied to other groups ( or populations) |
| case study | an analysis of a single event, situation , or individual |
| secondary analysis | the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers |
| documents | in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, CDs DVDs, and so on |
| experimetn | the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation |
| experimental group | the group of subjects in the exoeriment who are exposed to the independent variable |
| control group | the subject in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable |
| independent cariable | a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable |
| dependent variable | a factor in an experimetn taht is changed by an independent Variable |
| unobtrusive measures | ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied |
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