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Axial Skeleton 80 bones Axial Skeleton made up of Skull, veterbral column, ribs, and hyoid bone Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Appendicular skeleton upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral gid=rdle, pelvic girdle Tuberosity large rounded projections Crest narrow ridge of bone prominent Line narrow ridge of bone less bone prominent Trochanter large irregular projection Tubercle small rounded projection Epicondyle raised area bove a condyle Spine sharp slender projection Head expansion from a neck Facet nearly flat articulating surface Condyle rounded articular projection Ramus arm like projection Meatus canal Sinus cavity Fossa basin like depression Groove furrow Fissure slit in a bone Foramen hole 7 markings associated with muscle attachment Tuberosity, Crest, line, Trochanter, Tubercle, Epicondyle, Spine 4 markings associated with forming joints Head, Facet, Condyle, Ramus 6 passageways for blood vessels and nerves Meatus, Sinus, Fossa, Groove, Fissure, Foramen Three types of vertebrae Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Saccrum, and Coccyx Cervical Vertebrae 7 vertebrae Atlas C1 responsible for up and down Axis C2 responsible for left and right movement Saccrum 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Pectoral Girdle clavicle and scapula Pelvic Girdle 3 bones fused together ilium, ischium, and pubis Three types of skeletal cartilage elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage Hyaline Cartilage joint cartilage Elastic cartilage cartilage in ears Fibrocartilage intervertebral discs and pubis symphysis Articulations joints Osseous Tissue bones Osteocyte mature osteoblasts Compact bone dense bone Cancellous bone spongy bone Osteon basic unit of bone perforating canals have blood vessels that carry blood to haversion canals Lamellae holes filled with red bone marrow Red bone marrow stem cells of blood, makes all blood vessels Trabeculla pattern of lamella in cancellous bone Chondrocytes forms cartilage Function of skeletal System Support, protection, assist in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood production site, energy storage Epiphyseal plate where bone grows as growth stops it becomes a line Intramembranous Ossification makes flat bones Steps of intramembranous ossification mesenchyme lays down in the shape of a bone, mesenchyme slowly gets replaced with loose connective tissue, osteoblasts move in and turn into bone, osteoclasts move in and make cancellous bone Endochronal Ossification forms long bones Steps of Endochronal Ossification hyaline cartilage is layed down, primary ossification, calcification, secondary ossification, completion of ossification Primary Ossification osteoblasts move in and begin to form bony collar Cavitation Formation of a cavity or hole Secondary Ossification forms the epiphysis Steps of repairing of fractures hematoma forms, Fibrocartilaginous callous forms, Bony callous formation, remodeling hematoma clot Fibrocartilaginous callous formation forms wherever blood clot is Bony callous formation osteoclasts move in and turn fibroblasts into bone Remodeling breakdown extra bone Bone classifications Long bones, Short bones, Irregular bones, Sutural bones, Sesamoid bones Long bones bones that are longer that wide and has epiphyseal plate at each end Short bones approximately same length and width has no epiphyseal plate Flat bones depth is thin Irregular bone any other type of bone Sutural bone bones in the suture Sesamoid bone bones imbedded in the tendon ex. tendon