anat 2 test2 chapter 21
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Created by:
nursebetty23 on February 27, 2012
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| arterioles | smallest branches of arteries |
| capillaries | smallest blood vessels |
| veins | blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart |
| pulmonary trunk | carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary circulation |
| aorta | carries blood from left ventricle to to systemic circulation |
| superior and inferior vena cava return blood to | right atrium |
| innermost layer | tunica intima |
| middle layer | tunica media |
| outer layer | tunica externa |
| anticogulant | dissolves or prevents blood clots |
| extrinsic factor | starts with 3 |
| intrinsic factor | starts with 12 |
| venules | collect blood from cappilaries |
| contractility | vasoconstriction |
| relaxation | vasodilation |
| vasoconstriction and vasodialation are controlled by | sympathetic division: it involves the release of NE and Ach as well |
| Elastic arteries aka | conducting arteries |
| parasympathetic division does not | innervate blood vessels |
| muscular arteries aka | distribution arteries |
| most arteries are | muscular arteries |
| arterioles | are the smallest |
| constricted arteries oppose blood flow and create | resistence |
| arteriosclerosis | thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls |
| atherosclerosis | hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries |
| hydrostatic pressure | Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid. |
| renin angiotensin | renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and extracellular volume in the body |
| circle of willis | a ring of arteries at the base of the brain |
| hepatic portal system | the veins that carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver |
| natriuretic peptides | released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of the heart walls due to elevated blood pressure or increased blood volume; reduces thirst and blocks release of ADH/Aldosterone; resulting diuresis lowers both blood pressure and plasma volume |
| Erythropoietin | A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. |
| continuous cappilaries | permit diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipid soluble materials: they also block blood cells and plasma proteins |
| specialized continuous capillaries | have resrticted permeability. E.g. blood-brain barrier |
| systolic pressure | peak pressure |
| ADH | made by the hypothalamus and is released by the pituitary gland |
| afterload | the amount of tension needed to open valves |
| where are fenestrated capillaries found | kidneys |
| sinusoids | Capillaries, such as those in the liver, that are wider in diameter than other capillaries and that have spaces between the endothelial cells in their walls are called ______________. |
| cappliary beds | connect one arteriole ans one venule |
| thoroughfare channels | connects arterioles and venules |
| collaterals | multiple arteries that contribute to one capillary bed |
| arterial anastomosis | fushion of two collateral arteries |
| arteriovenous anastomoses | allow arteries to have direct connections w/ veins and bypass the capillary bed when needed |
| if serious hemorrhage occurs what happens | vasomotor center of medulla oblongota stimulates sympathetic nerves and systemic veins constrict |
| total peripheral resistence | The resistence of the entire cardiovascular system.it also influences afterload |
| vascular r | Resistance of blood vessels due to friction between blood and vessel walls. |
| viscosity | a liquid's resistance to flow |
| turbulence | swirling action that disturbs smooth flow of liquid |
| exhaling raises thoracic pressure causing | less volume higher pressure |
| inhaling decreases thoracic pressure | more volume less pressure |
| filtration is driven by | hydrostatic pressure |
| Blood colloid osmotic pressure | equals pressure required to prevent osmosis; caused by suspended blood proteins that are to large to cross capillary walls |
| osmotic pressure | forces water into solution |
| hydrostatic pressure | forces water out |
| both pressures control filtration and reabsorption through | capillaries |
| net hydrostatic pressure | pushes water and solutes out of cappillaries and into interstitial fluid |
| net colloid ossmotic pressure | pulls water and solutes into a cappilary from interstitial fliud |
| capillary exchange | fluid moves out of capillary and into interstitial fluid |
| at venous end of capillary | fluid moves into capillary and out of interstitial fluid |
| transistion point between filtration and reabsorption | is closer to venous end than to arterial end (no movement) |
| cappillaries filter more than they absorb. Where does the excess fluid go | lymphatic vessels |
| Hemorrhaging reduces | chp and nfp |
| hemorraging increases | reabsorption of interstitital fluid |
| pulmonary edema results when | blood pressure in the pulomonary capillaries rises above 25mm and fluid enters the alveoli (patient must be sat down) |
| what controls blood vessels | sympathetic nervous system |
| cardiaoacceleratory center | stimulated by low blood pressure |
| cardioinhibitory center | stimulated by high blood pressure |
| vasomotor center regulates | blood pressure and other homeostatic processes |
| local vasodilators | promote dialation of precapillary sphincter and accelerate blood flow at tissue level |
| local vasonconstrictors | promotes constriction of precappilary sphincter and decreases blood flow at tissue level |
| depression of vasomotor center can cause | loss of vasomotor tone of blood vessels, resulting in massive dialation of veins will result in nuerogenic shock |
| baroreceptor reflexes | affect blood pressure and the respiratory centers through carotid and aortic baroreceptor stimulation; when blood pressure falls, respiration increases and vice versa |
| chemoreceptor reflexes | respond to changes in chemical composition, paticularly ph generated by peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and saortic bodies |
| when chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies detect a rise in co2 content or a fall in ph what happens | the cardioacceleratory and vasomotors are stimulated. which increases cardiac output, peripheral vasoconstriction and an elevation in BP |
| Where is ADH released | posterior lobe of pituitary gland |
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