7th Grade Science Chapter 6 a
About this set
Created by:
sbockmon on February 28, 2012
Subjects:
Mabry, holt science, chapter 6, Genes and DNA
Description:
Words that come from the chapter based on test questions (3/6/12)
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 DNA | Molecule that carries our hereditary information, Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. (AT and GC) in the shape of a twisted ladder called a double helix |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, a molecule that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein production |
| ribosome | a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; site of protein synthesis |
| cross breeding | when you take one trait from one organism and add it to a new organism, Breeding animals from different varieties to produce a breed with traits of both parents |
| inbreeding | continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics; crosses parents with the same or similar sets of alleles |
| cloning | The process of creating a genetic duplicate of an individual organism through asexual reproduction; Genetically Identical; controversial; the first organism ever cloned was Dolly the Sheep |
| mutation | any change in a gene or chromosome; a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule; can cause some genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia |
| DNA fingerprinting | process in which the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA molecules, in order to identify individuals; used to solve crimes and for Paternity and Maternity tests; process in which the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA molecules.A dye is used to clearly see the patterns of DNA. No two people have the same DNA, except identical twins. |
| mutagens | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. |
| A, T, G, C | 4 nitrogen bases of DNA Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| Adenine | Nitrogen base that pairs with thymine. |
| Thymine | nitrogen base found ONLY in DNA that pairs with adenine |
| Guanine | Nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine. |
| Cytosine | The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA |
| ribonucleic acid | (RNA) part of the genetic material that organisms inherited from their parents; |
| Selective Breeding | humans cross organisms to obtain desirable traits; breeding plants or animals with certain traits to produce offspring with those traits (Ex: Angus cows are bred to increase muscle mass for more meat; plants that are produced to be resistant to disease) |
| Gene Therapy | a technique of inserting working copy of a gene directly into the cell of a person with a genetic disorder; a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome |
| Human Genome Project | An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome; purpose to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome |
| Hybridization | breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals, or parents, to bring together the best traits of both organisms (ex: creating disease resistant plants; crossing a donkey and a horse to make a mule) |
| Genetic Engineering | process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms; (example of benefit: creating human insulin to treat people with diabetes) Bacteria is the most commonly used organism for Genetic Engineering |
| double helix | shape or structure of DNA |
| pedigree | a chart or diagram that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait; used to trace the inheritance of traits over generations of families |
| karyotypes | a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs; genetic counselors study these to predict genetic disorders |
| genome | all the DNA in one cell of an organism |
| Electrophoresis | A process where DNA fingerprinting where fragments are separated according to size using electrical charges |
| Artic Flounder gene | a gene used to create a plant that can survive the cold |
| Stem Cell | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
| genetic code | the order of nitrogen bases alsong a gene |
| protein synthesis | the manufacture of proteins; takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell |
| Genetically Modified Organism | GMO; a plant, animal, or microorganism in which genes have been added, rearranged, or replaced through genetic engineering |
| gene | a string of nucleotides that has instructions for a certain trait |
| amino acid | basic building blocks of protein molecules, the code for a given amino acid consists of three bases; three bases code for one. |
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