| Term | Definition |
|---|
| significance of parastism | 1/4 of 60 million who die each year are from parasitic infections |
| 4 ways to evade host defenses (1) | encystment- form covering that protects against unfavorable environmental conditions; change surface atigens (body cant recognize parasite) |
| 4 ways to evade host defenses (2) | causing host's immune to make antibodies that can't react w/ parasites antigens; can invade host cell, host cell won't kill itself |
| vector | agents of transmission |
| ectoparasites | live on surface of other organisms; ticks/lice |
| endoparasites | live within body of organisms; protozoa/worms |
| obligate parasites | spend some of life cycle in/on host |
| facultative parasites | free-living, but can obtain nutrients from host; soil fungi |
| permanent parasites | remain in/on host once invaded it; tapeworms |
| temproary parasites | feed on then leave hosts; mosquitos/ deer fly |
| accidental parasites | invades organism other than normal host; ticks |
| hyperparasitism | parasite having parasites; mosquito caring malaria (parasite in mosquito) |
| biological vector | parasite goes through part of its life cycle; mosquito w/ malaria inside |
| mechanical vector | parasite does not go through parts of life cycle during transit; fly w/ bacteria on feet |
| definitive host | harbor a parasite while it reproduces sexually; mosquito for malaria parasite |
| intermediate host | harbors parasite through some other development stage; human w/ malaria |
| reservoir host | infected organism that makes parasites available for transimssion to other hosts; wild/domestic animals; triconosis in pork |
| schizogony | multiple fission- reproduce very rapid |
| hermaphroditic | has both m/f reproductive system; tapeworm |
| characteristics of protists | unicellular, euK, vary from 5ยต to 5mm in diameter; most are microscopic |
| 5 importances of protists (1) | learn about life processes; key part of food chain (decomposers, autotroph, heterotroph); we use to determine age of rocks; |
| 5 importances of protists (2) | toxins in water- protist go through eutrophication- blocks sunlight, killing plants beneath the bloom and causing fish to starve, Red tides; diseases- prasitic protist, dysentery, malaria |
| plantlike protists | algae Ihas chloroplast, autotrophs), moist sunny enviroments, most have cell walls, 1 or 2 flagella; 3 groups- euglenoids, diatoms, dinoflagellates |
| euglenoids | 1 flagellum, eye spot (stigma)- light detector, can't see, euglena horse tanks, in well water, instead of cell wall they have pellicle- over membranous cover |
| diatoms | no flagella; test or shell, silicon or calcium carbonate; in toothpaste, reflective paint |
| dinoflagellates | 2 flagella; one extends behind like a tail; other held in a groove, may or may not have cell wall, if not they have theca- tightly affixed cellulose layer |
| funguslike protists | water molds- cause mildew. attack plants, irish potato famine 1840, don't attack humans; slime molds- glistening, slime on rotting logs, most are saprophytes (saprobe) eat dead/decaying matter (decomposers) |
| animallike protists | protozoa, 1st animal, heterotrophic, most unicellular but grow in colonies, free-living, some commensals (live in/on other organisms w/o harming them), few are parasites, all live in watery environments |
| 4 animal like protists | mastigophorans, amebozoa, apicomplexans, ciliates |
| mastigophrans | have flagella, some free living, most symbiotic; trichonympha- symbiotic, live in guts of termites, digest cellulose for termites; parasitize humans- giardia, trichomonas, leishmania |
| amebozoa | sarcodines, move / pseudopods, not set shape, feed on other MO, 3 groups- foraminiferans and radiolarians both have shell (test), marine; amoebas- no shell, parasites |
| apicomplexans | soprozoans, all parasitic; immobile, carried in host; complex live cycle; malaria parasite- life cycle important anopheles (type that carries malaria) |
| trichocyst | tentacles use to capture prey; causes itchy skin from coming out of bodies of water |
| ciliates | largest group; most protozoans, move w/ cilia, parameaum, free living; balantidium coli- severe diarrhea in humans; used for movement and capturing food |
| characteristics of fungi | heterotrophic, euK, multi-cellular (mushroom) or unicellular (yeast), thailus- body; mycelium- mass of hyphae "roots"; cell wall made of chitin not cellulose |
| human fungal diseases | mycoses; 1- superficial- in keratin layer of skin or above, athlete's foot, ringworm; 2- subcutaneous- below keratinized layer of skin, enters lymph nodes; 3- systemic- respiratory (hystoplasmosis), can kill you |
| importance of fungi | decomposers; produce antibiotics; parasites of humans and plants |
| 3 requirements of fungi | 1- proximity to host; 2- ability to penetrate the host, 3- ability to digest and absorb nutrients by the host |
| fungi of humans want | specific location- athlete's foot (feet); age specific- athlete's foot= adults; ringworm= children |
| classification of fungi | how they reproduce; zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, deuteromycota |
| zygomycota | bread mold, display conjugation, asexual/sexual phase; grow rapidly |
| ascomycota | sac fungi; produce penicillin; flavor in cheese; yeast that make beer and bread; also cause athlete foot, vaginal yeast infection |
| basidiomycota | club fungi; mushrooms, toadstools, wheat rust, smuts |
| deuteromycota | imperfect fungi, no sexual reproductive stage |
| helminths | worms, bilaterally symmetrical |
| platyhelminths | flat worms; 1 mm to 10 m long; planarians- live in fresh water, free living; tapeworms- parasites in/on host; flukes- liver, lung; parasites in/on host |
| nematoda | roundworms; <1 mm, >m; pointed at both ends; stiff; m/f; pinworms (sand/dirt); most live in intestine or circulatory system |
| parasitic helminths | flukes, tapeworms, adult roundworn, roundworm larvae |
| flukes | tissue flukes, blood flukes affect humans; intermediate host snail |
| tapeworms | scolex- head; proglottid- segments; grow from behind the head |
| adult roundworms | hookworms, pinworms; from food/water; intestinal worms; trichinosis- from pork |
| roundworm larvae | larvae in other tissue; damage to tissue; guinea worm, loaloa- eye and eye membrane, elephantiasis |
| arthropods | jointed; exoskeleton; segmented bodies; jointed appendages; live in all environments, freeliving or parasites; carries biological vectors (bite) |
| classification of arthropods | arachnids, insects, crustaceans |
| arachnids | 2 body regions, 8 legs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites |
| insects | 3 body regions; 6 legs, highly specialized mouth parts; lice, fleas, flies, mosquitos, true bugs (bedbugs); thick waxy wings; sucks not bites |
| crustaceans | aquatic arthropods; pairs of appendages on each body segment; crayfish, crabs, small crustaceans (copepods) |
| copepods | does guinea worm |
Combine with other sets
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