Egypt of the Pharoahs Final
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192 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Htp-di-nswt formulae | Mortuary Offering Formula, "offering that the king gives" --> to Osiris, Anubis, then pass along, that he might give...(all things good and pure) |
| Di.n.i n.k formulae | Mortuary Formula seen in offering scenes "I have given to you"...Life, Stability, Power, Health, Happiness (expandedness of heart), All (things good and pure) / Lord of |
| Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis - The Painted Tomb | Predynastic site: Nagada II, one of largest art works of time, Sign that social hierarchy in predynastic / demonstrates some level of social stratification: foundation of state and ideology, Images: Smiting scene, giant mural, Master of beasts motif, Boats with possible goddess, man holding 2 lions symbol of foreigners, Related to lots of imagery on pots, Related to later sites with smiting scenes and with boats Good to know for essay questions, ex: question about history of theme of motif |
| The Palermo Stone | tablet fragment of black basalt (reproduces a papyrus original) on which annals of kings of early period (late predynastic) and Old Kingdom recorded: goes back far beyond Manetho's 1st dynasty (at least 25 kings) and begins with series of kings wearing only red crown (lower egypt later), unknown if list also contained kings with white crown |
| Turin King List/Canon | Royal Canon of Turin (king-list which stem from New Kingdom) contains a lot of kings not on king lists: contained all king names recognized by official tradition, as well as number of inscriptional lists containing excerpts from that tradition |
| Manetho's History of Egypt | Egyptology adopts chronology advanced by Manetho (egyptian priest under Ptolemy II in 3rd c. BCE) chronology of dynasties: divided into 31 dynasties (egyptian temple records), begins (after rule of gods and demigods) w/ Menes the unifier of kingdom and ends w/ Nectanebo II |
| The Memphite Theology | large basalt slab from 25th dynasty (reproduces papyrus original). essential text of horus and seth, relates foundation of state in terms of overcoming of aggression, presupposes existence of state and narrates decisive reorganization and reformation, in text reversal of sides=horus lower and seth upper. horus is rule, seth is force, etc |
| Pyramid Texts | over 700 utterances/spells total, concerned with protecting the pharaohs remains, reanimating the body, sending the body to the heavens, royal context 5th and 6th dynasties, most famously in Unas' pyramid, cover the walls, imperishable stars: the ones that never disappear carved on wall of tombs at Saqqara at 5th and 6th dynasty, signals change in the religion: shows rise of importance of Osiris as a god (isis appears a lot too) - intro mid 5th, chthonic god elite religion shifted allegiance= Re becomes more imp than Horus |
| Abu Sir Archive (Temple of Kings Neferirkara and Neferef) | List of administrative receipts and texts: in valley temple stored documents of cult (priesthood, day to day operations) in Abu Sir later kings commandeered causeway so 2 valley temples gone, as result we have huge trove of records = highly bureaucratic society Set of texts: administrative source, bureaucratic scribe recordings (show concerned with system and detail) |
| The Inscriptions of Ankhtifi of Mo'alla | biographical tomb inscription of Ankhtifi of Mo'alla (governor of 3rd nome of upper egypt in 9th dynasty) 1st intermediate period: summoned to nome of edfu by horus to establish new order, restoration of order against dismal backdrop of havoc, strife (civil war), pessimism not seen before, announcement of laws against tomb robbers |
| Temple of King Seti King List | continuity, model of order emerges most explicitly from kings list—relationship to Egyptian concept of time as something that's eternal doesn't stop has definite order, legitimizing present by revering edited version of past best known carved in inner walls of temple of King Seti I at Abydos, represented by cartouches chronological order not essential/achieved |
| Shabaka Stone | related to concept of continuation of past, king Shabaka claimed to have copied from ancient document but discovered was fake (scribes knew how to write in style of antiquity) normally would be something that was met with resistance but because thought older it was accepted (seth's place diminished and orderly rule of Horus triumphs) Important: relating self to past to make look better, etc also related to PROPAGANDA theme |
| Contendings of Horus and Seth | Trials of horus and seth to see who will Osiris' successor, competitions + unification story, Horus beats Seth in each competition, fighting has temporarily stopped and Seth and Horus have brought their case before the Ennead. Later in the story, the combat starts up and finally Horus is determined to be rightful king of Egypt. This is written on Papyrus Chester Beatty I in Thebes during the New Kingdom and the reign of Ramses V. Its purpose is entertainment rather than religious instruction, and it is written in a humorous way. Most likely it goes further back as its content builds upon earlier tales of the deities involved . |
| Scorpion Macehead | showing him opening of nile flood; king has bull's tail, standing by a body of water, probably a canal, holding a hoe. wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt, followed by two fan bearers. scorpion and a rosette close to his head. facing a man holding a basket and men holding standards. men are busy along the banks of the canal. behind him: some plants, a group of women clapping their hands and a small group of people, all of them facing away from the king. think about kingship, rituals of kingship, and things he did to show his power and things he does for Egyptians Macehead are so large=used for ceremonial found in temple of horus at hierakonpolis |
| Narmer Palette | large size=ritual use + found under Horus temple at Hierakonpolis, place where grind up eye powder looks unused + iconography commemorates victory over northern enemy, wears crowns of upper and lower, faced on one side by figure of Horus Iconography: cows w/ horns, serekh btwn, standing on top of enemies, standard bearers, dead=decapitated with heads btwn feet Mesopotamian culture influence=serpopards Also related to PROPAGANDA theme |
| Narmer Macehead | jubilee, depictions of jubilee, related to ideas of territory; Narmer wearing the Red Crown, seated on a throne and protected by the vulture goddess Nekhbet of Hierakonpolis. In front of him standard bearers of his army, shows what captured in war. There is seated figure is probably a woman (maybe captured northern princess = marriage to consolidate the rule of the Two Lands) Also shows scenes of celebration of the hed-sed (jubilee) festival of renewal. A cow (possibly Hathor) and calf also have a prominent place in the iconography. Macehead so large=used for ceremonial think about kingship, rituals of kingship, and things he did to show his power and things he does for Egyptians found at hierakonpolis |
| Mastaba | tomb that looks like bench (Arabic word for bench), super structure of tomb, Decoration in old kingdom tombs generally in mastaba tombs Bodies always in subterranean section of Mastaba, the statue that is stand in for body could be found elsewhere, statue is like real being can take in offerings and sustenance |
| Cenotaphs | empty grave standing as memorial, proposed at Abydos, but they are in fact the actual tombs (some though both A and S were tombs for 1st dynasty kings but 1 set were cenotaphs) |
| Enclosures at Abydos | tombs have enclosure walls - large rectangular made of red brick (unusual for tomb) - had niched facade too like at Saqqara, believe walls were taken down which why only Khasekhemy still there inside possibly ritual buildings enclosure walls have been lost, superstructures could have been as ornate as Saqqara sacrificial grave sand boat graves around enclosure |
| Old Kingdom Chapel types | cruciform, L-shaped, East-West L-shaped, etc: private, non-royal, so could be high officials but not state building |
| Old Kingdom autobiographical inscriptions | on mastaba tombs, include offering list, what they wanted, titles, what did for society as well |
| False Door | where ka passes in and out of, have offering texts written around it, sometimes pic of deceased, usually found in mastaba tombs on outside, pyramid temples, valley temples, find in funerary context |
| Osiris and Isis story | whole idea of regeneration of life Seth made coffin for Osiris and trapped him in it, then while hunting, found Osiris's coffin and dismembered him into 14 parts, scattering across Egypt. Isis set out to look for the pieces and found 13 of 14, with the help of Nephthys, Seth's sister-wife, 14th = eaten by a fish. made phallus out of gold and sang a song around Osiris until he came back to life. Osiris was resurrected. He could have proper ceremonies and burial. experience = Osiris became Lord of the Dead, and the Afterlife. |
| Instructions of Amenemhat I | related to PROPAGANDA theme: The poem takes the form of an intensely dramatic monologue delivered by the ghost of the murdered 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat I to his son Senusret I. It describes the conspiracy that killed Amenemhat,[1] and enjoins his son to trust no-one. The poem forms a kind of apologia of the deeds of the old king's reign.[2] It ends with an exhortation to Senusret to ascend the throne and rule wisely in Amenemhat's stead.The Instructions may have been authored at Senusret's command[3] to eulogize his father and legitimize his claim to the throne. Several centuries later, in the New Kingdom Papyrus Chester Beatty IV, the authorship of the poem was attributed to "the foremost of scribes" Khety.[4][5] The principal source of this document comes from the Papyrus Millingen which was copied by A. Peyron in 1843. The original is now lost. Wooden tablets with parts of the Instructions dating to the 18th dynasty and New Kingdom papyrus fragments and ostraca survive.[6]This manuscript is one of the earliest references to "Asiatics". Later pharaohs copied parts of older writings to legitimize their deeds. |
| Sinhue | leaves Egypt and comes back (relates it to george poseners work, linked lit like sinhue with propaganda). kind king/forgiveness, even if have great life in foreign land Egypt is still proper place to be buried. It is a narrative set in the aftermath of the death of Pharaoh Amenemhat I, founder of the 12th dynasty of Egypt,It is likely that it was composed only shortly after this date, albeit the earliest extant manuscript is from the reign of Amenemhat III, ca. 1800 BC.[1] There is an ongoing debate among Egyptologists as to whether or not the tale is based on actual events involving an individual named Sinuhe,[2] with the consensus being that it is most likely a work of fiction.[3][4] Due to the universal nature of the themes explored in Sinuhe, including divine providence and mercy, its anonymous author has been described as the "Egyptian Shakespeare" whose ideas have parallels in biblical texts. Sinuhe is considered to be a work written in verse and it may also have been performed.[5] The great popularity of the work is witnessed by the numerous surviving fragments.[6] Sinuhe is an official who accompanies prince Senwosret I to Libya. He overhears a conversation connected with the death of King Amenemhet I and as a result flees to Upper Retjenu (Canaan), leaving Egypt behind. He becomes the son-in-law of Chief Ammunenshi and in time his sons grow to become chiefs in their own right. Sinuhe fights rebellious tribes on behalf of Ammunenshi. As an old man, in the aftermath of defeating a powerful opponent in single combat, he prays for a return to his homeland.[5]: "May god pity me..may he hearken to the prayer of one far away!..may the King have mercy on me..may I be conducted to the city of eternity!".[6] He then receives an invitation from King Senwosret I of Egypt to return, which he accepts in highly moving terms. Living out the rest of his life in royal favour he is finally laid to rest in the necropolis in a beautiful tomb.[5] |
| Smiting scene | very formulaic, king holding foreigners up and going to hit them with mace |
| Sema-tawy/unification motif | Horus and Seth, tying up lotus and papyrus=unification of 2 lands |
| Boats | the "king's journey" link between rule and motion the sun god traveling by boat through the sky, etc. elaborate symbolic system sun god journeys keep world in motion...dead king in afterlife: physical motion essential element in exercise of power, dead king voyages through realms of horus, passing by realms of seth, sails upstream in morning bark, and downstream in night bark. pg. 46 |
| Real and imaginary animals as chaotic forces of life | narmer palette, Two Dog Palette: one objects related to ideas of...order vs chaos, kings power, etc. paired beasts=stand for political harmony, framework to turbulent world bc reconciled opposites also peaceful procession of animals in horizontal rows on top of eachother ex: knife blade Carnarvon handle, davis comb. |
| Palace Façade | seen on enclosure walls, tombs, indicates palace panalled facade with regualr insertion of inner, deeper niche fixed scheme of decoration, most striking from early dynastic period in memphite area, 1 at nagada other context: narrow section of it forms basis for heraldic device in which horus name of early dynastic kings was written |
| Benben stone | mounted on obelisk, pyramid shape, represents solar rays, symbol of rebirth |
| Registers of Animals | ex. the Davis comb, Brooklyn knife handle—ceremonial when person grasps handle its like he's grasping animals and has control over them, organized in very clear way so prob some iconographical meaning, seem to be organized by type |
| Serpopard | snake thing, mythological animal, often seen carved on cosmetic palettes, during the Old Kingdom, Associated with narmer palette, Prob came from near east, Also see in tomb 100 probs |
| Nemes headdress | what the king wears (king tuts funerary mask, striped, part of royal regalia), the striped cloth headdress worn by Egyptian kings, and frequently represented in their sculpted and painted images |
| Double Crown | a combination of the White Crown of Upper Egypt and the Red Crown of Lower Egypt symbolizing the union of two lands narmer wore menes |
| Atef Crown | Like upper egypt white crown but with 2 ostrich feathers, usually something that Osiris wears |
| Jubilee/30 year feast/heb sed | "every 30 years", depictions at Djoser step pyramid complex, Pyramid complex itself might have been ceremonial court for it bc has fake temples (dummie building) at saqqara related to ritual, boundary markers/stela, see throughout Egyptian history, prob one of most imp rituals king can be depicted as doing even seen on narmer macehead (sitting on throne and can even see boundary markers), it is the jubilee but heb sed is more specific name, king would run around boundary markers/stela to show territory after did it he was rejuvenated and clear to rule for 30 more years but might have done more frequently |
| Master of Beasts | ... |
| Fishing & Fowling scenes | ... |
| Fighting boatmen | Seen in OLD KINGDOM TOMBS, COMEDIC SCENE, WAY TO LURE PEOPLE INTO TOMB TO GIVE CULT OFFERINGS, TWO MEN FIGHTING |
| Offering table scene | deceased person sits in front of table of offerings - half loaves of bread |
| Linear and cyclical time | ... |
| Neheh | cyclical time neverending occurence of the same, dtermined by sun, "becoming" only in neheh time moves |
| Djet | eternity, stability, god is osiris, suspension of time, time at a standstill |
| King-lists | important, good kings they want to remember and be associated with what was point? Kingship continues without any pause idea |
| "Naqadization" | idea that in delta region start to see naqada culture become more prominent in that area, merchants up there, wide spread...naqada culture take over area |
| Kingship and unification as manifest at Hierakonpolis | 1st smiting motif, narmer palette, unification story publicized |
| Order and Chaos as manifest in the Memphite Theology | Horus vs Seth, unification through integration: state is lawful order to which brute force must submit, integrates aggression and transforms it from natural force into cultural force. |
| Democratization of the Afterlife | Some things that royal people only had were passed down to regular people as well. Ex: pyramids, Decoration of tombs, person seen making offering directly to god without king being intermediary, Primarily associated with new kingdom, see it happening a lot more, But did see in old kingdom with decorations derived from pyramid texts. related to idea that regular person can have the same access to afterlife as a more elite person so can have same texts and imagery |
| Inundation of the Nile River and River Valley | Something that helped determine the seasons in ancient Egypt, when it floods and then recedes leaves behind black silt = why fertile, distinct strip between agricultural and desert |
| Egyptian Collective Identity vs. Portrayal of Foreign Identities | type cast foreigners... |
| Maintenance of Egyptian borders (both physical and social) | built massive fortifications at semna to mark southern frontier etc but not absolute, took in foreigners. different under diff contextsWhat it meant to be a foreigner: • Even though considered chaotic force more nuances than that for ex look at amarna letters and diplomacy and people living abroad |
| Foreigners "becoming" Egyptian | Fully appropriate urself as an Egyptian: Dress like, speak like, depict urself as Egyptian, ex: Tomb of hue- depiction of Nubian elite and they were dressed like Egyptians, Elite people who had better status because being portrayed like Egyptian, Adopting all the different aspects, Changing ur name, Could relate to concept of Egyptian collective identity vs portrayal of foreign Where do we see portrayals? |
| Ethnicity, race, genetic makeup | not enough samples to be able to draw conclusions about what typical Egyptian looked like |
| Continuity with the Past as part of Egyptian Identity | past was model of order, continous almost exclusively peaceful succession of reigns, each one handing down throne in linear sequence |
| Symbolic Geography of Horus and Seth | Horus is lower: red crown, papyrus, bee Seth is upper: white crown, lotus/lily, sedge plant |
| Architecture as Political Statement: Evolution of Tombs | Early tombs ie step pyramid: provided arena for eternal pageantry of kingship as it was experienced on earth, king supreme protected in palace enclosure, he is focus of rituals. Then true pyramids: symbol of sun, sun is supreme force, offering cult for kings spirit, king is manifestation of sun-god |
| Sed-festival symbolism | djoser, distinctive robe, two thrones (upper and lower), ceremony of laying claim to field |
| "Great Culture" vs. "Folk Culture" | high art vs pop art (folklore) |
| Rationing Systems (bread and beer production and distribution) | how relates to pyramid administration, used as form of payment, As related to planned communities: Relate to deir el medina --> Some people paid more than other so some hierarchy but could barter to get nicer tomb equipment etc imp. area of arithmetical administration was food supplies: rations-Heart of system = rations administration. People paid in commodities (like wage) bread and beer (staple elements of Egyptian diet) Standard daily basic wage of ordinary laborer = 10 loaves of bread and btwn 1/3-2 jugs of beer and as rank increased distributions multiplied Senior official could be credited with up to 500 loaves daily--Uronarti tallies lead to estimate of minimum 1458 cal/day but likely more consumed = pyramids built on modest health-food diet |
| Pottery Typology | Using different types of pots in order to date something, ex: One period might have round, one narrow so look at them to create some kind of sequence. Vessel Types, Decorative Motifs, Distribution |
| Battleship distribution | related to Petrie: had cemetery wanted to figure how to put in sequence to show which came first- bc separately excavated couldn't do stratigraphically--so used pottery and used style of pottery to see which came first; styles fall in and out of fashion very gradually... When looks at diff styles of pottery on graph, When one is at its most pop will see a lot of it, Then they die out, Looks like battleship, How to date things without using stratigraphy |
| Sequence dating | The relative dating technique devised by Petrie to order the artifact assemblages from prehistoric Egyptian graves into chronological sequence. The technique is based on the observation of gradual changes through time of stylistic traits on artifacts, as well as the appearance and disappearance of artifact types from one assemblage to the next. |
| Horizontal Stratigraphy | Kaiser— the later occupation is adjacent to, rather than on top of, the earlier occupation, Layers are depostited parallel to earths surface. have a site: most popular area of site will be taken up first, so older graves clustered in one place then spread out (things tend to trend south at Abydos) VS Vertical stratigraphy: layers on top=newest, |
| Aspective Representation / Composite Perspective | = same thing, synomymous; so representation would be accurate in afterlife, has to do with concept of order: foot is properly formed, eye functioning, etc. shown different view points-everything as completely as possible, very flat |
| Human sacrifices | sacrificial graves around enclosures only in 1st and maybe a little in 2nd dynasty, not seen after Abydos although seen a little at Saqqara but from same time period as Abydos |
| Tomb as House / Bunker | 2nd Dynasty, domestic elements in tombs (bedrooms, latrines, dining room), palace underground for dead king to live in, mock up of village around it |
| Royal Tomb as Temple | mortuary cults, true pyramids |
| Sun temple | Userkaf 5th Dynasty built this 2nd monument shows religion was becoming increasing solar religion, emphasizing solar entity over something more earthly=squashed, fat, squat obelisk center of "pyramid" and temple open to sky (courtyard) run king's mortuary temple: offerings went to sun temple first and then distributed |
| Supreme royal deity: Horus to Re | When supreme royal deity became re or ra over horus: happens in 6th dynasty, sun temples is 1 indication |
| Ka, royal ka | life force, Egyptian born with a Ka=soul, something you inherit from father royal ka: shared by all kings Ka shown by 2 raised arms |
| Ba | created, developed over life/time, personality--building personality through education etc |
| Akh | something that you become after you die, so to become effective one you have to help people (means "to be effective") a transfigured soul, contains your ka, ba, shadow and name. Soul is transformed into akh, once you achieve the state of akh you are set for eternity (but it is very hard to get it), there were magical spells that would ensure transformation |
| Naqada | important center for cult of Seth, one of largest known sites in nile valley in predynastic period likely had been capital of a chiefdom or small state, 4000-3100BCE; known from Naqada cemetery excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie; formative period for Egyptian culture when it developed from agricultural society to complex society, Naqada was a city in pre-dynastic Upper Egypt, representing a major culture of that time. Its name provides a basis for historical dating because it is one of the most profound predynastic cultures in shaping the traditions of egypt. Naqada as a time period is split into three parts, all within the predynastic and protodynastic eras. Naqada I: 4200 - 3700 BC Naqada II: 3700 - 3250 BC Naqada III: 3250 - 3050 BC |
| Hierakonpolis | lies in most southern region of upper egypt resembles nagada, both shrink towards end of predynastic period=fundamental change in nature of settlement: shift from sprawling low density settlements to walled brick-built towns of far higher pop density associated with horus large, ceremonial area?, rich/well constructed tombs must have been tomb of late predyanstic king (mud brick + painted with series of scenes) temple deposit where Narmer Palette was found, important site for Osiris has complex that as whole is best candidate anywhere for early palace, the site in upper Egypt of one of the most ancient cities in Egypt. Hierakonpolis was probably the capital of one of the kingdoms that preceded the unification of Egypt. The famous Narmer palate was found there. Hierakonpolis continued as an important center throughout Egyptian history. |
| Abydos | upper egypt (south) where royal tombs of 1st dynasty are subsidiary burials: take people onto afterlife eventually replaced by shakti dolls later (1 king had 400), City about 300 miles south of Cairo, occupied from Predynastic times throughout Eygpytian history. Its cemetery is especially noteworthy as the burial place of "Narmer" and the Kings of the First Dynasty. |
| Saqqara (First Dynasty tombs) (tombs of Mereruka and Ti) | lower egypt (north) only officials buried here, flooring to identify special one, borrowed from Mes. tombs have same name indicates officials bc often had same name very large tombs, niched facade but not enclosure walls not royal bc: not that big all in all w/out enclosures, all tombs along cliffside (officials usually buried on cliff and royal further in) so makes sense officials, and again same name 4th dyansty "avoid" Saqqara, Cemetery near Memphis where important officials were buried in mastaba tombs, the predecessors of pyramids. The earliest pyramid, the Third Dynasty's step-pyramid of Dojer, which is essentially several successively smaller mastabas stacked one upon the other, is at Saqqara. |
| The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara | Djoser complex: 1st stepped pyramid fake buildings inside, 1st stone building, mocking things up-permanent model, "open" stone doors-mimicked, classical looking fluted columns-actually bundles of reeds which is what must have help up building it mimicked |
| Buto | Capital of Lower Egypt, largest center in lower egypt port connected to Nile Uruk pottery and architecture common |
| Elephantine | small town site on southern tip of Elephatine Island development as town during early predynastic period, built directly over rounded granite boulders shrine was sealed in bc space restrictions |
| Coptos | 6th dynasty Coptos connection exemption decrees: certain cults exempt from taxes many royal wives came from governor fam in Coptos |
| Memphis | 8th dynasty memphite, closely aligned with Coptos, The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. |
| Meydum Pyramid | south of Dahshur, Snefru took over predecessor step pyramid and covered with limestone casing, -Last pyramid of 3rd dynasty -built by Huni -Never Finished -In 4th Dynasty Snefru Finishes it |
| Valley Temple of Snefru at Dahshur | Each funerary estate/domain appears as female offering bearer in pyramid temples with name written over and in front- grouped according to nomes(administrative districts)= Egyptian talent for symbolic representation of mundane reality Valley temple: rites performed etc, priests needed+staff |
| Giza Pyramid Plateau | in early periods cemeteries to north, Giza stops this Khufu, Kahfre, Menkaure (smaller but used granite=v labor intensive), most famous as the location of the Giza Plateau: the site of Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples. |
| Giza South - workmen's village | ... |
| Abu Sir | (btwn Giza and Saqqara) pyramids at Abu Sir are not as of good quality as 4th dynasty pyramids 5th and 6th dynasty still used pyramids but not as nice different, cheaper method: casemate - nice limestone on top filled with cheap start puttin gmuch more emphasis on detail/decoration over structure |
| Narmer | beginning of 1st Dynasty, A ruler whose reign precedes the earliest dynasties in the historic Egyptian lists of kings, who is often regarded as the unifier of Egypt. Narmer is often identified with Menes. Narmer's name appears on the palette found at Hierakonpolis showing a ruler wearing the double crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt, the first to do so., King of Upper Egypt who united Upper and Lower Egypt |
| Aha (= Menes) | Legendary Egyptian ruler, he unified the Kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt and built the new capital city of Memphis also Narmer, Son of Pharaoh Narmer, finished the unification of Egypt. |
| Djoser | 3rd dynasty new site for each pyramid, cemetaries of officials attached to pyramids, The first Egyptian pyramid, the Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara, was built for him |
| Imhotep | Egyptian architect and scholar who is the designer of the step pyramid at Saqqara for king Djoser |
| Snefru / Snofru | 1st king of 4th Dynasty: master politician=famous "forever" as jolly old guy cult of god Re' focus on future not past 3 pyramids (took over, bent, red at dahshur) dissapearance of store rooms around burial chamber in both royal and provate replacement of stored offerings with perpetual mortuary cult endowment w/ estates named after king kings personal name used on monuments written in cartouche not serekh officials given name based on kings personal name = elevates status to god, Powerful pharaoh with an international presence for Egypt Smiter of the barbarians Cedars from Lebanon, Turquoise from Sinai, Standard for art, Largely unchanged for 1000 years, 4th dynasty, Built Red Pyramid: first large true pyramid where he was buried |
| Khufu / Cheops | son of Snefru, great pyramid at Giza moved pyramid north, a pharaoh that was often depicted as cruel and mean. |
| Khafre / Chephren | pyramid at Giza, The Pharaoh who ordered the construction of second pyramid and sphinx at Giza |
| Pepy II/Pepi II | 6th dynasty, became king at 5, ruled for "90 years" - later part of reign so old so not affective causing officials to become more powerful causes probs for family when long reign: sons die, jockying for power=dynasty dies out mother prob ran kingdom till pepi was old enough, she was from provincial town of Coptos Decline of old kingdom and 1st intermediate period, see certain nome marks |
| W. M. F. Petrie | used pottery to form sequence datings and used to date tombs at his cemetery at Nagada, Battlefield distribution, invented pottery seriation, seriation of egyptian sequence dating, First to recognize the importance of pottery in dating sites, set the trend of collecting all artifacts, not just "fine" objects. -established technique of seriation in 1890s, -rigorous and systematic -measured the pyramids -set new measurement and recording standards |
| Werner Kaiser | Redefined predynastic into nagada I-III = Altered Petrie's sequence for predynastic culture: last 3 (Amratian, Gezean, Semanean) become Naqada I-III by Kaiser) - foreigners, new race, continuation of same thought before really distinct cultures but was rly more similar - named for petrie because tomb there? |
| W. Bryan Emery | DOUBLE CHECK archaeologist who said that Abydos tombs were the kings of the 1st dynasty and the tombs at Saqqara belonged to high officials and no cenotaphs OR Abydos but also Saqqara, related to debate, Thought Saqqara but then Kemp came and said no Abydos, Saqqara not royal or cenotaphs they were high officials |
| Mark Lehner | Giza platueau, Known for how pyramids built, Workmens village. Egyptologist sought out to discover how the human could possibly build something so astounding such as the Great Pyramids, with mapping |
| LARGER CONCEPT: HOW DO WE KNOW SOMETHING IS CEREMONIAL VS FUCNTIONAL IE NARMER PALETTE | LARGE, FOUND IN TOMB, NO EVIDENCE OF USE ON PALETTE SIDE, ICONOGRAPHY ALONE MIGHT SUGGEST IT IS CEREMONIAL |
| Royal Regalia | bulls tail, white crown: upper egypt, red crown: lower Egypt, sh.. kilt |
| Elements of 4th dynasty pyramid complex | pyramid, then mortuary temple, causeway attached to valley temple (accessible, right on water so boats could come and drop off things), pyramid temple (more for rituals?) |
| Development of tombs | from an analogy like actual living spaces to something more like a temple, clear when you look at substructure layouts of tombs 3rd D vs 4th D 3: step pyramid, north-south axis, complex mimicking palace, jubilee complex, government buildings 4: true pyramid (prob planning to travel with sun, doesnt need to live in tombs), east-west axis, pyramid, mortuary temple, causeway, valley temple |
| Petries sequence for predynastic culture | TBAGSI: Tasian, Badarian, Amratian, Gezean, Semanean (last 3 become Naqada I-III by Kaiser) - foreigners, new race, continuation of same thought before really distinct cultures but was rly more similar - named for petrie because tomb there? |
| The Libyan Palette | say you had essay question talking about kings power and how he represents it over other people—destruction of different cities, ho breaking down, know cities because niched wall, city kepper (sp?) ideas of destroying enemies, controlling outside world |
| Cartouche | An oval shape inside which a pharaoh's name was inscribed in hieroglyphics. These are often seen on tomb walls. |
| Serekh | palace facade design which forms basis for horus name of kings to be written, a paneled rectangle surmounted by the god horus which symbolizes the facade of the royal palace containing the horus name of the king. (some rare kings in dynasty 2 actually have seth names in the serekh) |
| Middle Kingdom Royal Pyramids | convoluted, deceptive passageways - adjoining queens' substructures. ex: tomb of Senwosret III: tricky paths, have to know the way to get in = to prevent robbery but ppl still broke in (likely ppl hwo built them). correlation btwn very toruturous paths to get into pyramid and book of two ways = sympathetic magic (model of path to underworld, getting body through paths in pyramid = soul going through paths to heaven) Difference between Old Kingdom pyramids and middle kingdom pyramids: Middle deteriorate, not as good construction, More decoration in Middle, Changes in layout and orientation |
| Book of Two Ways | What you would see in coffin texts (derived from pyramid texts) Spells for how to get to afterlife, protect yourself. two pathways going to the underworld/heaven (very torturous, monsters, demons = spells you need to know to get through them) = 1. changes the way you get to afterlife (becomes much more complicated), 2. Coffin texts are now more than just words |
| Semna Stela of Senwosret III | His Year 8 stela at Semna documents his victories against the Nubians through which he is thought to have made safe the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egypt.[5] Another great stela from Semna dated to the third month of Year 16 of his reign mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Canaan |
| Boat Shrines and way stations | Part of religious ceremonies in New Kingdom = Barque Shrines, portable religious image, put at center of temple design and celebrations ex: Opet festival, beautiful festival of valley, festival of amun made of wood, ornately gilded, decorated, equipped with closed cabin in which image of deity sat, long carrying poles on each side for preists to carry. way stations=resting places for them: oblong chamber with doorway at each end and central pedestal for shrine to rest on |
| Pylon - Colonnade Court - Hypostyle Hall - Bark Shrine - Holy of Holies | ALL FEATURES OF KARNAK/LUXOR Pylon: In ancient Egyptian theology, the pylon mirrored the hieroglyph for 'horizon' or akhet, which was a depiction of two hills "between which the sun rose and set."[3] Consequently, it played a critical role in the symbolic architecture of a cult building which was associated with the place of recreation and rebirth. Pylons were often decorated with scenes emphasizing a king's authority since it was the public face of a cult building. Hypostyle Hall: In architecture, a hypostyle hall has a roof which is supported by columns, as in the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak. Holy of Holies: In ancient Egypt the temple area now known as Luxor was called Ipt rsyt, the "southern sanctuary", referring to the holy of holies at the temple's southern end, wherein the principal god, Amun "preeminent in his sanctuary", dwelt. original sanctuary or "holy of holies", containing the base of the block which once supported the god's image. |
| T-shaped Theban Tombs (non-royal) | The classical private tombs on the West Bank at Luxor (ancient Thebes) are referred to as being T-shaped, particularly those located on the slopes of Sheikh Abd el-Qurna in the area known as the Tombs of the Nobles. Repeatedly, we find an entrance corridor or a courtyard that leads into a wide vestibule, with another short corridor that leads into a long chapel, often with a small niche at its rear. The Tomb of Menna (TT 69) is completely classic in this regard. |
| Window of Appearance | Formal balcony where mortuary temples palaces (on west bank at medinet habu) faced temple forecourt or towards avenue leading into temple. theatrical setting for the "appearance" of the king, symbol-laden ornamental palace balcony. = setting for Theban reward ceremony which would have occurred once/twice a year: courtiers/high officials led before it and rewards/honors bestowed, local version |
| Royal Chariot Drive | City of Amarna split into different sections: Royal residential zone, sacred city, secular city, and recreational zone (where lots of temples and administrative palace) so Akhenaten Comes down in shiny chariot at beginning of day, go back up at end of day: he was actually the sun coming down and shining on everyone and people would praise him (literally rising and setting sun) |
| Amarna Letters | Records of trade and diplomacy abroad/with foreigners |
| Amarna Shrines | Household shrine = people did not directly worship god they worshipped image of family with god |
| Amarna Art | Flared lips, high almond eyes, Akhenaton and Nefertiti very similar androgynous body (very high waist, thin arms, potbelly, thick large wide hips, full buttocks, thin legs, boobs) + King and queen on same level, same size, equal role (One theory: bc god doesn't have a sex, they are showing similarity in not having distinct sex), Akhenaton just wears kilt, Nefertiti always wears dress, start seeing: Domestic informal scenes, Interaction between the children and the king and queen, Aten disk (Sun disk with hands coming down, holding ankhs literally giving life) = amarna period, Pda in amarna art Similarities to more traditional canon of Egyptian art: Cartouches, Hierarchic scale, Aspective representation of figure, Making offering to sun disk, holding offerings, tables of offerings, Sematawhy with foreigners bound on either side, Registers still used, organization of wall decoration is still the same = some motifs stay the same even though style has changed Nefertiti is wearing new type of head dress that queens start to wear: diadem of uraeus with sun disk and two feather plumes |
| Talatat | Kind of brick used in amarna, standardized brick, sped up construction bc very small and easy to transport = why able to build so much, decorations on it: Nefertiti being adored by aten, etc |
| Edict of Horemheb | New Kingdom document: amarna just ended, military leader horemheb became king, shows no codified system of revenue collection (several groups of officials doing diff things) also edict against royal harem practices during Festival of Opet |
| Love Poems | Among ancient Egypt manuscripts, love songs survive from only one time and place: the Ramesside Period community of elite craftsmen working on the tomb of the king (Deir el-Medina, 13th-12th centuries BC). The contents of the songs have been taken to indicate an even more elite setting, the palace and court of the king: the centres of power of Ramesside Egypt were all in the north, at Per-Ramses, Memphis and the palace of the court women at Gurob. These may be the places where the songs were composed and sung originally. Although no manuscripts survive from the palace sites themselves, the songs seem to echo the figures of singing women on late Eighteenth Dynasty and Nineteenth Dynasty cosmetic equipment and vessels produced for the highest level of society.Those parts of Egyptian poems that have survived are primarily praise of the lover or poems of longing. Although they appear to be spontaneous outbursts of young people, they are thought to be the deliberate works of literary artists. As in parts of South East Asia, the Chester Beatty cycle of poems shows a regular alternation of male and female speakers. Similarly, the convention of lovers addressing each other as brother and sister appears here also, as normal terms of endearment. |
| Deir el-Medina House | entrance with "cupboard bed", hall with shrine, storage and bedroom, stairs to cellar, kitchen, village wall, cellar. people of Deir el Medina lived under rather cramped conditions,[1] without the option of adding further living space: the walls surrounding the village prevented its expansion, there was no unused space inside the settlement itself, and the thinness of the walls precluding the addition of a second storey. |
| Deir el-Medina Figured Ostraca | made out of limestone sometimes had animal fables: anything related to deity must be important. Generally discarded material, ostraca were cheap, readily available and therefore frequently used for writings of an ephemeral nature such as messages, prescriptions, receipts, students exercises and notes: pottery shards, limestone flakes,[1] thin fragments of other stone types, etc., but limestone sherds, being flaky and of a lighter color, were most common. Ostraca were typically small, covered with just a few words or a small picture drawn in ink;[2] but the tomb of the craftsman Sennedjem at Deir el Medina contained an enormous ostracon inscribed with the Story of Sinuhe.[1] The importance of ostraca for Egyptology is immense. The combination of their physical nature and the Egyptian climate have preserved texts, from the medical to the mundane, which in other cultures were lost.[3] These can often serve as better witnesses of everyday life than literary treatises preserved in libraries. |
| Ancestor Bust | See in deir el medina, placed in houses, in the niche in front of house (usually ), Kind of looks like mummy mask, Pray to ancestors to intercede in what was happening in life, Personal piety, private |
| Underworld Books (Royal Tombs): Amduat, Book of Gates | Amduat: 12 hours, Traces journey to afterlife, first royal then private, seen in 18th dynasty tombs Book of gates: Seen in Ramesside Period tombs (12 hours): chronicling the dead kings journey to afterlife New kingdom texts narrates passage to afterlife, deceased responsible to recognize each goddess so helps you remember so you can pass through successfully |
| King in his Chariot (Battle of Kadesh) | Ramesses II (the Great): Temple of Ramesses II at Abydos: Battle of Kadesh on outside of temple Personal triumph that he managed to survive when surrounded, Cut off hands of ppl you kill = hyksos influence, Puts battle on nearly every temple he builds |
| Banquet scenes | New Kingdom - Newer theme: musicians, naked girls dancing, etc. - purpose is for making him able to regenerate himself (he becomes aroused so he could have sex with one of the girls or he masturbates himself into regeneration), music also associated with hathor who is goddess who helps you go into afterlife Women have Fat scented cones on their heads, make them more enticing and All wearing lotuses - makes them more attractive Ex: In tomb of nebowun (sp?) |
| King Rewards the tomb owner | ... |
| Anthropomorphic animals with role reversals | Associate with ostraca, related to satirization of noble hierarchy |
| The nature of Kingship in the Middle Kingdom | reigned by power of word, reverted to explicit link btwn rule and divinity. symbolic forms of 1st intermediate period to 3 new ideas: status of king as son of god, importance of loyalism, value of achievement. while still in mothers womb "in the egg" king is divinely appointed son of god and ruler over state |
| Loyalism | protection in return for obedience, 12 dynasty rulers elevated ideology to status of religious form (path to salvation promising faithful adherents not only success in this world but also eternal life after death) |
| "Politics" in Ancient Egypt | cohesive structure that incorporates the individual into societyand relates society to authority of pharoah |
| Propaganda in Ancient Egypt | Ex to tie to: Shabaka stone and how related, Narmer palette, Instructions of amenemhat I, Boundary stela of .... normative and formative dissemination of loyalist religion, middle kingdom created/manipulated messages and memories, detailed differentiated image of egypt |
| House Plans | as seen at kahun. plan of house: shaded area and unshaded area = shaded area is residential and unshaded is workshop, column portico, courtyard/garden with pool and trees |
| Social Status and Town Plans | The pyramid-town of Kahun: east of the pyramid of Senwosret II: • Model community • Dense, town appears to be divided btwn west and east, based on orthogonals (geometric, orderly), example of structure • 2 types of houses: small houses (roughly same size) and much larger houses (roughly same size) - problem = assuming only two types of people and no middle, family grows and small becomes uncomfortable but cant get large house = how strict middle kingdom was • granaries: why not just one? Kemp: divides up a community into gangs, divides up in modular way, distinct groups |
| Middle Kingdom "architecture of conquest" "plains type" vs. forts at 2nd cataract | tried to control area down to 2nd cataract (buhen fortress) "plains type" = on flat banks of nile north of 2nd cataract, largest forts in Nubia, super well organized, square vs 2nd cataract forts = rocky terrain, water, semna and kumma not so planned irregular shape |
| Implications of Planned Communities | earlt grid iron(orthogonal) plans as bureacratic impositions, really civilized virtue? amarna = built around rejection of social prescription and geometric aesthetic. organic, personal decision making = different mentality than kahun. order vs individual Understand what it is and what it means, Amarna, Deir el medina |
| "Corporatism" of New Kingdom Temples | ... |
| Features of New Kingdom Temples | Luxor temple floorplan and karnak (sp?) floorplan: • Temple structure/basic layout: o Pylons looks like hill hieroglyphs o Niches inside of pylons with flagpoles (flag is word for god ?) o North south orientation o Luxor: Colonnaded courtyard, hallway, another courtyard, and then just columns o Most of temple shrines in back o Usually starts out open and then gets darker and less open as you get back = relating to beginnings of time o Temple like cosmogram for Egyptian universe, so going to point of creation everything is small and dark bc everything came from primeval waters o Literally like walking through Egyptian landscape o New kingdom temples usually function in this way o At luxor floor actually rises a bit and ceiling comes down so space gets increasingly smaller Decoration of temple: • smiting scene on outside - everyone sees so traditional • Thutmoses III smiting scene at karnak |
| Foreigners as Wild Animals | foreigners do not qualify as political partners |
| Evolution of model of legit rule | Prob dont need to know much, Different ways pharaohs could legit rule. exs: Look to past, depict selves as being born from god |
| Policies of the MK vs the NK | mk = domestic policy, ma'at bc 1st intermediate was internal chaos vs nk = foreign policy, external menace bc fought against hyksos in 2nd intermediate |
| Cult of Amun | Was ancient god of thebes = where New Kingdom 18th dynasty. shown as divine father figure who looked after king and this role extended to mortuary cult now centered in in newstyle mortuary temples on west bank. also moved to heart of the myth of divine birth of the king: Amenhotep III Divine Birth Scene: Formal context: Found in temple = propagandistic (his dad is god amun so he is divine as well) immaculate conception, gives her ankh Procession of amun of opet: • East and west (west to east) |
| Thebes as ceremonial landscape | Thebes/Processions: West is dead side bc that is where sun sets, trajectory of sun so has solar connotation, Sun is born in east (rises in east), Create a rectangle, processions create borders/boundaries: encloses city of Thebes, Entire city of Thebes is bound by these divine locations, Everything is very intentional for Egyptians, would plan out cities to match up with cosmology (?) |
| Opet Festival | Procession where you take bark shrines and carry them from karnac to luxor, Associated with new kingdom and big temples, the way the procession works luxor and karnak are explicitly connected→ taking amenra, mut, and khons (gods) barkh (sp?) shrines out from karnak and taking them to luxor and once get there king takes them and rejuvenates himself once ceremony at luxor is done shrines go on boat etc back to karnak...on the way people would ask the gods questions and priests carrying them would take a couple steps back/forward to answer yes/no questions (like Ouija board), Goes from north to south: conception of the world...concept of moving from heaven down to earth (gods coming) |
| Pageantry of New Kingdom Kingship | festivals of thebes. Opet festival, Festival of the valley/beautiful feast of the valley: (East and west Goddess hathor: associated with death and bringing people to the afterlife), Procession of amun of opet: (East and west (west to east)). intergration of king and temple cult of amun made him mysterious and cocoon of pageant = successfully blurred the difficulty that ppl might have had in reconciling divine and earthly aspects of a ruler |
| Sed-festival | ... |
| Cosmotheism | ... |
| Akhenaton's religious revolution | Amenhotep IV → Akhenaton changed name to worship god he created His religion: Aten god (disk, doesn't have a sex), solar religion, Aten disk (Sun disk with hands coming down, holding ankhs literally giving life) = amarna period Changed religion, moved capital, changed style of art Created religion by: Send out people to scrape off other gods names off Carnac (got rid of old religious imagery to make room for new), Some of the very holy areas not defaced He moved the state and religious capital to Amarna (Akhetaton), Boundary stelas: mark his new city |
| The Great Hymn | Something that's associated with amarna, Description of sun, talks about how sun gives creation to the world |
| Personal Piety | ... |
| Multicultural court | In new kingdom more diplomacy |
| Redistributive Economic System | ... |
| Kahun | The pyramid-town of Kahun: east of the pyramid of Senwosret II: • Model community • Dense, town appears to be divided btwn west and east, based on orthogonals (geometric, orderly), example of structure • 2 types of houses: small houses (roughly same size) and much larger houses (roughly same size) - problem = assuming only two types of people and no middle, family grows and small becomes uncomfortable but cant get large house = how strict middle kingdom was • granaries: why not just one? Kemp: divides up a community into gangs, divides up in modular way, distinct groups • plan of house: shaded area and unshaded area = shaded area is residential and unshaded is workshop, column portico, courtyard/garden with pool and trees |
| Buhen | Nubian fort, associated with senwosret III, 2nd cataract |
| Beni Hassan | best known of these nomarch sites, Cliffside, two columns in porticos and columns in back (Middle Kingdom) |
| Semna and Kumma | ... |
| Tell el-Daba (Avaris) | 2nd intermediate period: capital of Memphis had been conquered by the hyksos • city of avaris: o capital of hyksos people o Manfred Bietak: Austrian archaeological institute, 1966-1969, 1975-present, Tell el-Daba Chronology = very complicated o Very important trading center o 12th dynasty orthogonal (planned) town: may have been built for trade w/ eastern Mediterranean , or may have been built for people from east med so may not be built for Egyptians, pretty much occupied by people from east med o mortuary temples and tombs of the 16th dyanasty: a group of temples all together seem to be associated with burials (not very big/ostentatious), temples are Egyptian and Mesopotamian, complex multicultural society, not writing in local language maybe using Egyptian scribes all we have is in Egyptian o very little art, 1 sculpture with mushroom haircut face destroyed (retribution against him) oversized human statue (indication he is leader) o Tell el-Yahudiya Ware Juglets: small (4"-5"), narrow neck, broad shoulder, single handle, geometric designs incised, not sure what used for (maybe perfume, drug) but particularly beloved by hyksos |
| Thebes | Thebes: • Early 12th dynasty • Theory: In 13th dynasty prob really run by viziers, governors of edfu (just to south of thebes) • Want to reunite Egypt (in 11th reunited in thebes) so move into thebes and begin to get evidence of 17th dynasty • Theban Necropolis (capital of 4th nome, religious capital) montu=god but remains theben not like amen politics influencing religion: bc thebes is city that reunites its god becomes major god but if was another city their god would have |
| Overview of Ceremonial Importance of Thebes | ... |
| Mortuary Practice at Thebes | New kingdom tomb painting themes (Theban tombs): Fishing and fowling, Offering scenes, False doors, Agriculture, Daily life scenes, Newer themes:, Banqueting scenes tomb of meketre at thebes: soft tomb, causeway (courtyard), row of columns, secret room with models, women = bigger, goddesses (?) mentuhotep temple tomb: terraces, ramp to higher terrace, entire garden of trees around it in middle of desert (poss to do with Osiris), row of columns at back, another ror wof columns on top of that, potential pyramid (massif), no angle casing block=ppl now think it wasn't pyramid cuz need that for pyramid |
| The Valley of the Kings | • thutmose I (and his mother o temple of deir el-bahri o started new cemetery (valley of the kings, valley of the tombs of the kings) • west bank of thebes • the qurn (big pyramid at the end of it) |
| Tutankhamun | The tomb of Tutankhamen: KV 62Valley of the kings → back to tradition, Discovered by Howard carter, 1922, There were nonroyal tombs in valley of the kings as special favor, Looks like he was buried in non royal tomb which had been cut when he died unexpectedly (unsure how he died, 18-20 yrs old), Went along with his advisors in returning to tradition and probably rewarded with very rich tomb, Had nicer tomb equipment than many others bc went back to tradition, Situated in valley tomb (like many private tombs are), didn't find for awhile bc: Covered up by tomb cut in above it, Huts built on top so archaeologists didn't want to move. Coffins of tut: 3 nested within each other - big is new style, middle is amarna style, inner one is solid gold coffin = very difficult to get them out, Each holds crook and flail, king beard, faces slightly different. some scenes not usually shown in royal tomb: His funeral (usually only shown in private tombs), His successor wearing crown...Kings ka embracing him and he is embracing Osiris, Distorted pictures on other wall - evidence for why decoration might have been done during burial plan of tomb: steps to passage, antechamber, annex, burial chamber and treasury, very very small tomb, tons of stuff jammed in |
| KV 5 | ... |
| Deir el-Bahri | • thutmose I (and his mother o temple of deir el-bahri Deir el-Bahri Cache: • Several of early kings bodies found together, along with large number of priests • 1881 • found by 1 family, kept it secret • would slowly put things on market • eventually investigated: everything shipped out immediately to cairo |
| Divine Birth of Hatshepsut | in her mortuary temple at deir el-bahar scenes of divine birth sequence, designated as king, depicted as male even• king of upper and lower Egypt Maatkare Hatshepsut o used model of junior king to give herself authority |
| Karnak Temple | Karnak Temple: • Ramesses II built Great Hypostyle Hall o Central axis, little spotlights in roof • Ramesside art: cover every inch of space with decoration • Half by seti I, half by ramesses II • Ramesses II: puts name on everything, everything big and monumental |
| Luxor Temple | Luxor temple: • Ramesses II built huge pylon in front with battle of kadesh decoration |
| Deir el-Medina | Near valley of kings Far from nile Above water table: a lot of things preserved from town Entire village abandoned during amarna period Ernesto schiaperelli: associated with turin museum "The Great Pit" Bernard bruyere. Jaroslav cerny Meretseger: spit venom at people trying to mess with tomb Ears in relief stela: gods listening Tomb of Nefertari, QV 19th dynasty Tomb of Ramesses IX, KV 20th dynasty Ostracon: made out of limestone |
| Medinet Habu | mortuary temple for Ramesses III at Thebes, in Upper Egypt; contain texts and reliefs depicting the Sea Peoples dating to 1190 BCE. Big pharoah owning sea peoples, fights on boats, stabbing, pile of hands to count dead. |
| Ramesseum | The Rammesuem: • Palace, storerooms, houses for priests... • Huge statues • On back of first pylon is battle of kadesh • Massive statue (fallen over) • Even on insides of temple he decorates with sunk relief o Cheaper so could do more o Carving is still really nice in most cases, some temples in provincial areas are not quite as well done |
| El-Amarna | Tell el-Amarna: planned city, can see very well because no one built on top was abandoned Amenhotep IV moved his capital to ahketaton, modern amarna City of Amarna: Royal residential zone, sacred city, secular city, and recreational zone (where lots of temples and administrative palace). Comes down in shiny chariot at beginning of day, go back up at end of day: he was actually the sun coming down and shining on everyone and people would praise him (literally rising and setting sun). Able to build city so fast bc: Tallatat bricks: sped up construction, very small easy to transport, Brought all the artists from valley of the kings etc, Boundary Stela Mark city |
| Abu Simbel | Temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel: • In Nubia • Not so beautiful but huge • Artificially raising temples so don't get flooded • Massive statues again • Decoration is relatively crude • Temple of nefertari (his fav wife), she is flanked by him=he is always present sort of her temple but rly his (built in nubia at time when no one was there) |
| Tanis | Tanis: • 21st dynasty kings brought obelisks, statues etc here to build own town • temple to amun • kings buried inside temple enclosure walls • Psusennes I: coffin of solid silver with gold accents • What happened to gold stripped off? Looks like used in burials at Tanis 3rd intermediate period: • tanis • lybian |
| Ankhtify | Ankhtify (Kemp 309): • Author? • Non-Literary Texts • Tomb Autobiographies (Provincial - 1st Intermediate Period) |
| Upper Egyptian Nomarchs | 1st intermediate = when upper Egyptian nomarchs gained more power, less centralized govt Nomarchs: rulers of the nomes (provincial governors), 42 nomes, 22 upper, 20 lower (more imp in upper), large degree of latitude in 1st part of middle kingdom (numbered years of rule by their own reigns), elaborate tombs, 2 great powers in early part of 12th dynasty: nomarchs of upper Egypt, building up nomarchs to substitute for previous period when central govt wasn't so efficient |
| Senwosret III | 12th dynasty (end of middle kingdom) 39 years Government of nomes, Artistic style, Mortuary equipment: may correlate with changes in afterlife, Began to control huge part of nubia: Second cataract forts Senwosret III Tomb at Dashur: 1st where queens chamber is inside his pyramid, unusual because entrace is at west, 7 subsidiary pyramids, not very well built, niched façade enclosure walls, demorgan (1st excavator) messed up cut away large section, whole cemetery buried around near queens temple with lots of Coptic burials, lost of skeletons (many with hair and scalp intact), really fine craftsmanship Distinctive facial features "not idealized", Big ears not specific to senwosret III but related to middle kingdom in general, Senwosret III: sunken droopy large eyes, mouth turns down, lines in face that draw down (pulled down face), large ears (propaganda or true? Likely how wanted to be seen by people), furrowed brow The funerary, mortuary statues look more ethereal, idealized Officials want to look like king, if king has particular facial feature it tends to be adopted by officials Sphinx body: showing he is strong and powerful (dichotomy of face and body) |
| Hyksos | 2nd Intermediate, people who ruled during this period called shepherd kings (hyksos): controlled both Sinai and delta and northern part of upper Egypt. overlap of dynasties: 13th/14th/15th (?). 16th dynasty: Egyptian prob incorporating hyksos rulers, in middle east not 1 king but kings of cities, can take over other cities and those kings became subservient to you = 16th dynasty kings are likely just local rulers not really kings. rulers/shepherds of foreign lands (hq3 h3swt), lebantine people (eastern shore of Mediterranean), bands around heads. "ANRA scarabs": seem to have royal names of hyksos on some, rows of letters (A, N, R) on them, writing has status value even though don't know language avaris capital of hyksos |
| Ahmose | Ahmose (I) 1st king of the 18th Dynasty: reunited Egypt, Successful military campaigns, Built at abydos |
| Hatshepsut | 18th dynasty king of upper and lower Egypt Maatkare Hatshepsut: used model of junior king to give herself authority |
| Thutmose III | 18th dynasty royal cartouche-shaped sarcophagus & chamber, oval sarcophagi becomes standard in this dynasty, well (trap), book of amduat - 12 hours (probably done last minute by scribes bc looks like rolled out), thutmose III when pharaoh starts being used as term for kiing, thutmose III came up with system to ....educate foreign in Egyptian way (?): Responsible for deep penetration of Egyptian culture everywhere... conquest of nubia Thutmoses III smiting scene at karnak |
| Amenhotep III | 18th dynasty Amenhotep III: Almond shaped eyes, In his reign things became very luxurious Amenhotep III birth scene (divine birth): he is holding up ankh to her nose she can breath in life, legs crossed=way of depicting sex without being explicit |
| Amenhotep IV Akhenaten | Amenhotep IV → Akhenaton changed name to worship god he created Religious changes: Aten (amenhotep IV) = The disk of the sun, the physical manifestation, Declared this was the only god, Only way to communicate was through him or poss his wife Changes of Amenhotep IV: Changed the religion, changed the art, changed his name to Akhenaton, moved his capital to ahketaton, modern amarna, changed the written language drawn like a caricature: big bulbous chin, pierced ear Tell el-Amarna: planned city |
| Tutankhamun | Tutankhamun (son of ahkenaton): Came to throne very early, died very young as well, Nearly intact tomb Changed named from Tutankaton to tutankamun & His wife changed from Ankhesenaton to ankhesamun --> Backlash against amarna, return to tradition, Tut was 8 or 9, wife (prob his half sister) was 2-5 years older Still remnants of amarna in art: Sun disk (aten) up above, She is caressing him (personal, private) Went along with his advisors in returning to tradition and probably rewarded with very rich tomb, Had nicer tomb equipment than many others bc went back to tradition |
| Seti I | 19th dynasty, come back to Abydos (usually when think new beginning) Temple of Seti I at Abydos: Chapels for several gods (Osiris, isis, horus, amun-ra, seti I, ptah, Re-horakhly), Wall reliefs, Style: rounder, higher, more realistic and more sensual look to art of Seti I, not standard two layer relief - its round and sculptural with beautiful carving, really fine details |
| Ramesses II | 19th dynasty, Ramesses II (the Great): Can see influence of amarna on statuary, Not as hard, softer, more delicate, Ramesside smile Temple of Ramesses II at Abydos: Battle of Kadesh on outside of temple, Puts battle on nearly every temple he builds The Ramesseum Luxor temple: Ramesses II built huge pylon in front with battle of kadesh decoration Temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel: In Nubia Wadi es-Seboua temple Ramesses II: All these temples in lower nubia, Very little evidence of Nubians living there so probably meant to intimidate them Ramesses II tombs in valley of kings Valley of the Queens: Called valley in symmetry, Starting in Ramesside period the wives of kings and underage sons buried here, Near deir el-medina, Nicest tomb = tomb of nefertari (favorite wife of Ramesses II) |
| Ramesses III | 20th dynasty: come back to Abydos (usually when think new beginning) Statuary beginning to be really crude: stocky and rough - Stress during period: Sea peoples attacking... Impressive palaces/throne rooms... Tomb: used to be know as tomb of harpers, Pillared halls, Shallow tomb, Woman who is personification of city of Memphis... |
| Peoples of the Sea | People who came in near end of new kingdom/beginning of 3rd intermediate period, Don't really know where came from, Devastated delta region, One of reasons why new kingdom experiences downfall, Ramesses III has some depictions of himself battling peoples of the sea in some of his temples |
| Cleopatra VII | tried to reestablish Egypt's independence; her involvement with Rome led to her suicide and defeat |
| Georges Posener | Known for linking literature to propaganda |
| Howard Carter | Discovered Tuts tomb 1922 Once carter was on his own funding was from Egypt and he was kept on but fought with them and then finally closed tomb and said he was fired but no one would take the job so gave it back to carter, took 10 full years to clear tomb |
| Pierre Montet | Archaeologist who excavated Tanis, 21st and 22nd dynasty capital |
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