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personality an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting free association in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing psychoanalysis freuds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions unconscious according to freud, a reservoir of mostly unecceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, informations processing of which we are unaware id contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. this operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification ego the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to freud, mediates among the demands of id supergo and reality. this operates on the reality principle, satisfying the ids desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. superego the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations psychosexual stages the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones oedipus complex according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father identification the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos fixation according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality repression in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories regression psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated reaction formation psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. projection psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions displacement taking out ones anger or frustration on a person or object that is not the cause of the offense collective unconscious Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history projective test a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics TAT a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. rorschach inkblot test the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots terror management theory proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death self actualization according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential unconditional positive regard according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person self concept All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" trait a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports personality inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. MMPI the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. empirically derived test a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups social cognitive perspective views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context reciprocal determinism the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors you shape your environment and your environment shapes you personal control our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless external locus of control the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate internal locus of control the perception that one controls one's own fate learned helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events spotlight effect overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders self esteem one's feelings of high or low self-worth self serving bias a readiness to perceive oneself favorably oral anal phallic latency genital list all the psychosexual stages compensation a defense mechanism, emphasizing personal strengths in one area to shift focus from failure in another area denial a defense mechanism, refusing to accept on obvious situation because of the emotional pain it causes identification a defense mechanism, associating with people or groups that are of higher status in order to increase your own status intellectualization a defense mechanism, describing painful or emotional personal events in academic or philosophical terms sublimation a defense mechanism, using exercise or physical activity as a substitute for sexual energies adler who was the neo freudian that agreed childhood was very important but said that social tensions (not sexual) were the key to personality development, said that our behaviors as children are driven by efforts to conquer feelings of inferiority horney who was the neo freudian who sought out to balance freuds masculine biases , said childhood anxiety caused by an dependent sense of helplessness triggers our desire for love and security jung who was the neo freudian who said unconscious was more than repressed thoughts and feelings, he said we have a collective unconscious, a common reservoir of images and symbols derived from out species universal experiences, explains why people are different cultures share certain myths and images erikson who was the neo freudian but believed in freuds psychosexual stages but thought that it was not based on sexuality but on social relationships. his trademark was identity and role confusion which can be an identity crisis or a period when a person decides who they are and where are they going and this must be resolved for a persons identity to be formed jung who was the neo freudian that did archetypes? horney who was the neo freudian who did basic anxiety adler who was the neo freudian who did birth order jung who was the neo freudian who did collective unconscious freud who did defense mechanisms? freud who did ego? jung who was the neo freudian who did extroversion adler who was the neo freudian who did fictional finalisms freud who did ID erikson who was the neo freudian who did the identity crisis jung who was the neo freudian who did individuation adler who was the neo freudian who did inferiority jung who was the neo freudian who did introversion freud who did psychosexual stages erikson who was the neo freudian did psychosocial stages adler who was the neo freudian did the style of life frued who did the superego allport who pioneered trait theory of personality after visiting freud and being disenchanted with psychoanalytical theory? he recognized that some traits are more closely tied to ones self than others like central traits or secondary traits or cardinal traits central traits Allport's term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations smart dumb wild sneaky secondary traits Allport's term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations" he gets angry when you try and tickle him" .. situational cardinal traits Allport's term to describe personality traits that dominate an individual's life, such as passion to serve others or to accumulate wealth endomorph Round and heavy body type friendly and outgoing ectomorph a person with a thin non-muscular body.. shy and secretive mesomorph muscular and athletic body type.. aggressive hippocrates they were really the first to think of personality traits leading to 4 types based on what kind of fluids (called humors) they had too much or too little of. sanguine first type of personality traits by hippocrates and greeks, this type is cheerful and optimistic, pleasant to be with, comfortable with his or her work, has an abundant supply of blood choleric first type of personality traits by hippocrates and greeks, this type is quick, hot temper, often an aggressive nature. these people have a yellowish complection and tense muscles phlegmatic first type of personality traits by hippocrates and greeks , this type are characterized by their slowness, laziness, and dullness melancholy first type of personality traits by hippocrates and greeks, this type tends to be sad, even depressed, and take a pessimistic view of the world openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism what are the big 5 personality traits? mischel who criticizes trait theory after finding that there was only a .3 correlation between traits and their respected behaviors and argues that personality theorists should consider relationships between traits and situations rather than just stable traits and behaviors is not as consistent as trait theorists claim depaulo who wanted to evaluate people voluntary control over their experiences, asked people to act as expressive or inhibited as possible when stating opinions, found that inexpressive people were less expressive than expressive people even where they fake expressiveness visa versa so in other words it is hard to act like someone you are not the barnum effect the effect that shows that personality inventory descriptions are vague and people try and agree with an description given to them even if it is the wrong one (horoscopes) seligman who strapped dogs into harnesses and gave them electric shocks to teach the dogs that were helpless to avoid the shocks, he then put the dogs in a similar situation where they could not escape but the dogs didn't even try positive psychology the scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive (seligman) markus who studied the concept of possible selves includes the selves we dream of becoming and the selves we fear becoming self concept beliefs about oneself self efficacy fairly specific beliefs about those things at which one excels individualism giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications collectivism giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly