Thinking and language
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23 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cognition | The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Concept | A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
| Prototype | The best example of a particular category; a mental image. |
| Algorithm | Methodical problem (step by step) solving that guarantees success. |
| Heuristics | Simple thinking strategy for solving problems. Allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. |
| Insight | Sudden and often creative solution to a problem. |
| Confirmation bias | A tendency to search for information that confirms to ones preconceptions. |
| Fixation | The inability to see a problem from a new perspective. |
| Mental set | A tendency to continue applying a particular problem-solving strategy even when it is no longer helpful. |
| Functional fixedness | The tendency to think of things only in the terms of their usual functions. (an impediment to problem solving) |
| Representativeness Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. |
| Availability Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common. |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct. |
| Framing | The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
| Belief Bias | The tendency for preexisting beliefs to distorts reasoning. |
| Belief perseverance | Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| Language | Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we can combine them to communicate meaning. |
| Phoneme | In language, the smallest distinctive unit of sound. |
| Morpheme | In language the smallest unit of sound that actually carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word. |
| Grammar | In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
| semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. |
| syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. |
| Linguistic determination | The idea that language determines the way we think |
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