| Term | Definition |
|---|
| aphasia | loss of language abilities due to injury to the brain; most frequent injury is a stroke |
| cerebrovascular accident | CVA casued when a portion of the brain is deprived of it's blood supply, and death of brain cells due to severe ischemia |
| ischemia | a portion of the brain is deprived of its blood supply |
| cerebral infarction | death of brain cells due to severe ischemia |
| occlusive | 75% of strokes, two categories |
| cerebral thrombosis | blood clot forms at a fixed location |
| cerebral embolism | blood clot travels through artery until it lodges |
| hemorrhagic | 25% of CVAs, caused by bleeding into brain due to rupture of weakened blood vessel (e.g. aneurysm) |
| middle cerebral artery | where aphasia-inducing CVAs occur |
| edema | swelling (starts approximately one day post-onset) |
| Physiological changes | bilateral drop in cerebral blood flow; increase in neurotransmitter release; drop in glucose metabolism; edema swelling; increase in intracranial pressure |
| syntax | concerns the structure of a sentence; the meaning of a sentence revealed by the particular morphemes it contains, but sentence meaning is more than a sum of the meanings of the morphemes |
| Broca's aphasia | speech output is effortful and laborious, poorly articulated; monotone delivery; many speech errors on singles sounds and words; reduction in phrase/sentence length; agrammatism, asyntactic comprehension |
| agrammatism | simplification of grammatical constructions |
| asyntactic comprehension | grammatical deficiencies extending to comprehension |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | a deficit in the representation of the auditory word form; spontaneous speech if fluently articulated, but meaningless; numerous speech errors; impaired auditory comprehension, reading, writing, very poor repetition abilities |
| paragraphasias | phonemic and verbal errors |
| neologisms | jargon |
| clinical diagnosis of Broca's aphasia | non-fluent, yet lesion damage in areas not thought to compromise fluency |
| clinical diagnosis of Wenicke's aphasia | fluent speech and poor comprehension |
| syntactic categories | constituents (of a sentence) that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality |
| noun phrase | can function either as a subject or object; your syntactic knowledge can tell you what are the syntactic categories |
| verb phrase | always contain a verb, which may be followed by a NP |
| phonological analyzer | processes "raw" sounds being input to CNS |
| syntactic parser | uses grammatical morphemes to structure sentence; selective loss of syntax breaks down the operation |
| lexicon | equivalent to mental dictionary |
| semantic interpreter | assigns meaning to input |
| Berndt and Caramazza | agrammatism and asyntactic comprehension is a selective loss of syntax, specifically a breakdown in the operation of the "syntactic parser" |
| picture pointing task | hear a sentence and then point to the correct picture |
| reversable sentences | if bother versions are given in choices, then performance is at chance level (guessing) The dog bit the cat; The boy chases the girl. |
| passive vs. active sentences | thematic role same for both, but word order is different: The girl kisses the boy; the boy was kissed by the girl. |
| Word order involving | she loves (the) flying (the) kites; he fed her (the) dog (the) biscuits; he hates (the) burning (the) rubbish. |
| embedding | the girl, that the boy is chasing, is tall; the cant, that the dog is biting, is black |
| specific prepositions | the book is on the table vs. the book is under the table |
| referent | the object that a word points to |
| sense | the additional semantic meaning that a word possesses; dictionary definition |
| functional attribute | the meaning that a word has given your knowledge of world |
| semantic processing | usually relates to the cognitive act of accessing stored knowledge about the world |
| semantics | the study of the relationship between words and the stores of knowledge they signify |
| phonological form | spoken form |
| orthographic form | written form |
| conduction aphasia | relatively rare; defective speech, writing, reading aloud, circumlocutory, literal paraphasias disproportionate difficulty with function words, especially in repetition tasks |
| crossed aphasia | a RH CVA in a right handed individual that leads to aphasia; 96% of right handed people have LH language |
| musicians aphasia | a LH CVA in a professional musician involving language areas will also affect ability to compose music, reading musical notation |
| synergistic aphasia | progress in one language is accompanied by progress in another |
| differential aphasia | impairment is of a different degree in each language |
| parallel aphasia | all languages similarly impaired and restored at the same rate |
| antagonistic aphasia | one language regresses as other progresses |
| successive aphasia | one language does not reappear until the other has been restored |
| selective aphasia | patient does not regain one or more of their languages |
| nonreversible sentence | The mailman delivered the package. (The package cannot deliver the mailman) |
| reversible sentence | The dog chased the cat (the cat could chase the dog) |
| phonemic paraphasias | speech errors on single sounds |
| Verbal Paraphasias | speech errors on single words (sister for mother) |
| Schwartz | classification of aphasia patients does not reflect functional architecture of the brain because aphasic syndromes are not natural categories |
| polytypic symptoms | Schwartz- symptoms overlap between aphasia categories |
| Basso | exceptions in aphasia classification; a person with aphasia does not always have symptoms that coreeespond to what would be expected to be their lesion sight; wernickes aphasia with a lesion in Brocas area, sometimes lesions in classical lg areas do not lead to aphasia, sometime lesions in supposedly non lg areas do not lead to aphasia |
| Mohr | Brocas aphasia= upper division syndrome/total aphasia |
| Weigl and Bierwisch | disociation btwn production and comprehension |
| goodlglass | agrammatism as "economy of effort" |
| Berndt and caramazza | syntactic parser |
| Linebarger | patients asked to judge if sentence was grammatical or not; Brocas patients did very well; claimed that problems in previous studies was the short term memory |
| word | bundle of things: phonology/written, meaning, referent (not all words, however) |
| referent | a real world object |
| sense | the additional semantic meaning that a word possesses (dictionary definition) |
| functional attrributes | the meaning that a word has given your knowledge of the world |
| semantic relations; basic category vs superordinate category | dictionary entry type of meanings have hierarchial relations |
| McCleary and Hirst | tested the recognition of semantic associations using same basic category (kinds of chairs), same superordinate (kinds of furniture), same function |
| McCleary and Hirst diagnosis | ability to classify is more disrupted in Wernickes than in brocas, the ability to name an item had a significant effect on the ability to classify only for the basic level items (types of dogs, chairs, etc) DIFFERENT LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION FOR FORM AND MEANING (they cant name it but they know the meaning) |
| all aphasia types | deficits in writibg, speech, reading aloud, circumlocution |
| Warrington and Shallice model for conduction aphasia | since conduction aphasics do much better on repetition tasks when the input is visual vs when auditory, WS hypothesized that conduction aphasics auffer an auditory verbal STM deficit |
| Warrington and Shallice | the model predicts effective use of LTM since semantic info can be entered directly into LTM without the necessity of STM storage; COnduction aphasia due to an impaired memory system; not linguistically relevant. |
| Warrington and Shallice model | no effect for word-type content or function word, only length of list |
| Caramazza conduction aphasia | conduction aphasia involves a STM deficit that is linguistically relevant; nouns are recalled better than function words; content words are stored in both STM and LTM, function words stored only in STM they have a weak LTM representation (they lack a clear meaning when not in sentence context) |
| synergistic | progress in 1 language accompanied by progress in another. Can be parallel (languages repaired and restored at the same rate) or differential (impairment is of a different degree in each language) |
| Antagonistic | one language regresses as the other progresses |
| successive | one language does not begin to reappear until another has been restored |
| selective | patient does not regain one or more of their languages |
| mixed | several languages intermingled or blended |
| crossed aphasia | RH CVA in a right handed individual that leads to aphasia (96% of right handed people have language in the LH) |
| Aphasia in professional musicians | a LH CVA in a professional musician involving language areas will also affect ability to compose music, reading, musical notation |
| polyglot aphasia | typical scenario: both languages suffer to same degree; Dissociation of input/output function, mulitilingual became different kinds of aphasic in different languages, and also alternating abilitites to speak/comprehend |
| congenital deafness and aphasia | word finding deficits, production problems, showed limb apraxia for fingerspelling, comprehension problems, verbal paraphrasia in ASL, neologisms, could fingerspeel a word sign it but not be able to point to a picture of the object; entirely equivalent to that in normal hearing people |
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