| Term | Definition |
|---|
| what are all chemical reactions in the body collectively known as? | metabolism |
| what do catabolic reactions do? | release energy and break down large biomolecules |
| what are anabolic reactions? | reactions which require a net input of energy and synthesize large biomolecules |
| how do cells regulate the flow of molecules through their metabolic pathways? | 1. controlling enzyme concentrations; 2. producing allosteric and covalent modulators; 3. using different enzymes to catalyze reversible reactions; 4. isolating enzymes in intracellular organelles; 5. maintaining an optimum ratio of ATP to ADP |
| what are characteristics of aerobic pathways? | they require oxygen and yield the most ATP |
| what are the characteristics of anaerobic pathways? | they can proceed without oxygen but produce ATP in much smaller quantities |
| what is glucose converted to through glycolysis? | two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, two NADH, and two H+ |
| does glycolysis require oxygen? | no |
| what is pyruvate converted into through anaerobic metabolism? | lactate, with a net yield of two ATP for each glucose molecule |
| what does aerobic metabolism of pyruvate through the citric acid yield? | ATP, carbon dioxide, water, and high energy electrons captured by NADH and FADH2 |
| what do high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 give up as they pass through the electron transport system? | energy |
| where is energy of high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 trapped after it passes through the electron transport system? | high-energy bonds of ATP |
| what is protein broken down into? | amino acids, which are then deaminated to make intermediates that enter aerobic pathways for ATP production |
| what are the primary energy storage molecules in animals? | glycogen and lipids |
| what is beta-oxidation? | breakdown of lipids for the production of ATP |
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