Psych Exam II
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Created by:
heyitsmarsh on February 29, 2012
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94 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Respondent | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus |
| learning | relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| negative | reinforcer that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response |
| unconditioned | type of stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response |
| UR | unlearned, involuntary response |
| Prosocial | type of behavior that is positive and helpful |
| Operant | behavior that produces reinforcing or punishing stimuli |
| Shaping | procedure that involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior |
| CR | learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| latent | learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when an incentive is introduced |
| acquisition | initial stage of conditioning, in which a new response is established |
| Partial | type of reinforcement in which responding is intermittently reinforced |
| fixed interval | schedule in which the first response following a set period of time is reinforced |
| generalization | tendency for stimuli similar to the original CS to evoke a CR |
| Extinction | this occurs when a response is no longer reinforced |
| discrimination | responding differently to stimuli that signal whether a behavior will be reinforced |
| observational | learning that involves watching and imitating others |
| US | stimulus that automatically triggers an unconditioned response |
| punishment | presentation of an aversive stimulus, which decreases the behavior it follows |
| classical | type of learning also called Pavlovian conditioning |
| modeling | process of watching and then imitating a behavior |
| extrinsic | motivation to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment |
| CS | originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Psychophysics | study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them |
| Principles of Sensation | seeing, hearing, touch, smell, pressure, kinetics |
| Absolute Threshold | minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus |
| Sensation | process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system detect physical energy from the environment and convert it into neural signals |
| Perception | process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
| Pupil | The dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina |
| Iris | ring of muscle the forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupils and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| Lens | transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina |
| Retina | - A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain. (Transparent tissue where light enters the eye) |
| Cornea | transparent tissue where light enters the eye |
| Top-Down | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectation |
| Bottom-Up | analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| Hearing | transduction of air pressure waves into neural messages that the brain reads as meaningful sound |
| Outer Ear | collects and sends sounds to the eardrum (auditory canal & eardrum) |
| Middle Ear | chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
| Inner Ear | innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs (oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells) |
| Wavelength | distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next |
| Hue | dimension of color determined by wavelength of light |
| Intensity | amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude |
| Figure & Ground | organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) |
| Visual Capture | tendency for vision to dominate the other sense, ex. movies |
| Grounding Principles | -proximity-group nearby figures together -similarity-group figures that are similar -continuity-perceive continuous patterns -closure-fill in gaps -connectedness-spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected |
| Convergence | neuromuscular cue, two eyes move inward for near objects |
| Depth Perception | ability to see objects in 3 dimensions, judges distance |
| Relative Size | smaller image is more distant |
| Interposition | closer object blocks distant object |
| Retinal Disparity | images from the two eyes differ, closer the object, the larger the disparity |
| Far Sighted | faraway objects seen more clearly, lens focuses near objects behind retina |
| Near Sighted | nearby objects seen more clearly, lens focuses image of distant objects in front of retina |
| Cones | near the center of retina (fovea), fine detail and color vision, daylight or well-lit conditions, 6 million |
| Rods | peripheral retina, detect black, white, gray, twilight or low-light, 120 million |
| Culturally Deaf | live in U.S., particularly large communities of culturally deaf people are found in and around such cities as Chicago, Illinois: New York, NY; San Francisco, CA; and Washington D.C. , frequently socialize with one another and meet together at sign language events, most deaf from birth or young age, grow up using sign language |
| Sensation Interaction | principle that one sense may influence another, ex. Smell of food influences taste |
| Learning | relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| Latent Learning | relearning occurs, but we don't have evidence until there is motivation or reason |
| Skinner | father of operant conditioning, thought everything could be modeled in a stimulus-response contingency |
| Pavlox | Russian physician/neurophysiologist, studied digestive secretions of dogs, Nobel prize 1904, discovered classical conditioning |
| Watson | -founded behaviorism -mental events are not important and maybe even non-existent -psychology should only be concerned with what can be observed (behavior) -empirical evidence became the gold standard in psychological research |
| Bandura | Social Learning, much of human behavior is learned observationally through the modeling of others, Bobo Doll |
| UR | unlearned, involuntary response |
| US | stimulus that automatically triggers an unconditioned response |
| CR | learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
| CS | originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Reinforcer | anything that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| Negative Reinforcement | removing an aversive stimulus,; engaging in behavior to remove "negative" stimulus, ex. Fastening seatbelt to make the annoying fasten-seatbelt ding stop |
| Positive Reinforcement | rewards or other positive consequences that follow behaviors, ex. Giving your dog a treat when he follows a command |
| Punishment | presentation of an aversive stimulus, which decreases the behavior it follows |
| Shaping & Successive Approximations | using reinforcers to guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Ration Schedules or Reinforcement | -don't know when reinforcement is coming -latent-number of behavioral responses -fixed ratio-provides reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (piecework in a factory) -variable-provides reinforcement after n unpredictable number of responses (payouts on a slot machine) |
| Interval Schedules of Reinforcement | -effective -interval-passage of time -fixed interval-reinforce the behavior after a fixed period of time (weekly paycheck) -variable interval-reinforce the behavior after an unpredictable period of time (pop quiz) |
| Algorithm | methodical, logical or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
| Heuristics | rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, speedier, more error-prone, sometimes we're unaware of using heuristics |
| Functional Fixedness | tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, impediment to problem solving, ex. Screw driver |
| Semantics | set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language |
| Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) |
| Phoneme | in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive unit |
| Syntax | rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| Grammar | system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| Aptitude Tests | test designed to predict a person's future performance |
| Achievement Tests | test designed to assess what a person has learned |
| Validity | extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
| Reliability | extent to which a test yields consistent results, assessed by consistency of scores on: two halves of the test, alternate forms of the test, retesting |
| What Reliability lets you know. | how much error you have in a test score but does not let you know if you are measuring the right construct |
| Bell/Normal Curve | symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, most scores fall near the average and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extreme |
| Binet | first IQ test, mental age (measure of intelligence test performance, chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level) |
| Gardner | devised 8 intelligences |
| Wechsler | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), most widely used intelligence test, subtests, verbal, performance (nonverbal) |
| Relationship of IQ between Parents & Children | IQ is tied to our biological family, more specifically tied to your mom, indicators of IQ are socioeconomic status & mother's IQ |
| Pavlov | Classical |
| Operant | Skinner |
| Mild Retardation | most mental retardation is |
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