| Term | Definition |
|---|
| What is energy | The capacity to do work |
| What is Chemical work | Enables cells and organisms to grow, reproduce, and carry out normal activities |
| What is transport work | enabls cells to move molecules to create concentration gradients |
| what is mechanical work | this isused for movement |
| What does the first law of thermodynamic state | total amount of energy in the universe is constant |
| What does the second law of thermodynamic state | energy can't be created or restored |
| kinetic energy | energy of MOTION |
| Potential energy | STORED energy |
| A __ reaction begins with 1 or more ___ and ends with one or more ___ | chemical, reactants and products |
| How is reaction rate measured | Measured as the change in concentration of products with time. |
| what is the free energy of the molecule | the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule and available to peform work |
| what is activation energy | the initial input of energy required to begin a reaction |
| what is Exergonic reactions | energy producing |
| what is endergonic reactions | energy utilizing |
| ___Pathways couple ___ reactions to ___ reactions | Metablic, exergonic, endergonic |
| Where is energy stored for driving endergonic reactions | ATP |
| What is a reaction that can proceed in both directions | reversible reactions |
| what is an irreversible reaction | If a reaction can proceed in one direction bu not the other |
| What determines whether that reaction can be reversed | The net free energy change of reaction |
| What are enzymes | bilogical catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being changed. |
| What are substrates | the reacants of the the reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| Enzyme reacts with only limited and selected substrate called | specificity |
| __have both __ and __ __ sites | Enzymes, active , non active |
| What are competitive inhibiters | they bind to active site |
| What does the induced fir model state? | Neither the substance nor the products can bend to bind w/ the enzyme. The enzyme must bend to allow reaction |
| What is Temperature and pH and what happens when they change | They are modulators, when they change they impact enzymes activities |
| What happens when an enzyme is changed | pr is destroyed and its called denatured |
| what is feedback intuition | an example of negative feedback that inhibits the activity of earl enzymes and usually involves modification of enzyme. |
| Like other proteins that bind ligands, what do enzymes exhibit | saturation, specificity, and competition. |
| Related isozymes have the same or different activities? | Different |
| How are some enzymes produced | as inactive precursors and must be activated |
| When some enzymes are inactive and must be activated , what presence does this need? | cofactor |
| What are coenzymes | organic cofactors |
| In metabolic reactions of a cell what acts as cofactors and coenzymes | vitamin c and biotin |
| what is enzyme activity altered by | temperature, pH and modular molecules |
| How do enzymes work | by lowering the activation of energy of a reaction |
| Reversible reactions go into the | state of equilibrium |
| what is equilibium | in which the rate of the reaction in the forward direction is equal to the rate of the revers reaction |
| what law does the reversible reaction obey | law of mass mass action |
| what happens to the ratio when a reaction is at equilibrium? | the ratio of substances to product is the same |
| how is the equilibrium disturbed | if the concentration of a substance or product changes |
| most reactions can be classified as | oxiation-reduction, hydrolysis-dehydration, addition subtraction exchange or ligation reactions |
| ___ converts __ to __ | glycolysis , glucose, pyruvate |
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