| Term | Definition |
|---|
| how are large macromolecules and particles brought into cells? | phagocytosis and endocytosis |
| how do materials leave cells? | exocytosis |
| what is membrane recycling? | when vesicles that come into the cytoplasm by endocytosis are returned to the cell membrane |
| what happens in receptor-mediated endocytosis? | ligands bind to membrane receptors that concentrate in clathrin-coated pits, the site of endocytosis |
| what happens in potocytosis? | receptors are located in caveolae that have a nonclathrin protein coating |
| what happens in exocytosis? | the vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane before releasing its contents into the extracellular space, USING ATP |
| what do transporting epithelia in the intestine and kidney have on their apical and basolateral surfaces? | different membrane proteins |
| what does polarization on apical and basolateral surfaces allow? | one-way movement of molecules across the epithelium |
| what is osmosis? | the movement of water across a membrane in response to a concentration gradient |
| how are solution concentrations compared? | the concentration is expressed in terms of osmolarity |
| what is osmolarity? | the number of particles (ions or intact molecules) per liter solution, expressed as milliosmoles per liter |
| what is the tonicity of a solution? | the cell volume change that occures when the cell is places in that solution |
| what happens to cells in hypotonic solutions? | cells swell |
| what happens to cells in hypertonic solutions? | cells shrink |
| what is an isotonic solution? | a solution in which the cell does not change size at equilibrium |
| what is phagocytosis? | cells engulf bacterium or other particles into phagosome |
| water contents as percentage of total body weight by age and sex | infant: M 65%, F 65%; 1-9: M 62% F 62%; 10-16 M 59% F57%; 17-39 M 61% F 51%; 40-59 M 55% F 47%; 60+ M 52% F 46% |
| 0.9% saline | aka: normal saline; osmolarity: isosmotic; tonicity: isotonic |
| D5 - 0.9% saline | aka: 5% dextrose in normal saline; osmolarity: hyperosmotic; tonicity: isotonic |
| D5W | aka: 5% dextrose in water; osmolarity: isosmotic; tonicity: hypotonic |
| 0.45% saline | aka: half-normal saline; osmolarity: hyposmotic; tonicity: hypotonic |
| D5-0.45% saline | 5% dextrose in half-normal saline; osmolarity: hyperosmotic; tonicity: hypotonic |
| what is saline | NaCl |
| what is dextrose | glucose |
| steps of phagocytosis | 1. phagocytic white blood cell encounters a bacterium that binds to the cell membrane; 2. the phagocyte uses its cytoskeleton to push its cell membrane around the bacterium, creating a large vesicle, the phagosome; 3. the phagosome containing the bacterium separates from cell membrane and moves into the cytoplasm; 4. phagosome fuses with lysosomes containing digestive enzymes; 5. the bacterium is killed and digested within the vesicle |
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