Chapter 7: The Appendicular System
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 appendicular skeleton | includes bones of the upper and lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles that support the limbs and connect them to the trunk |
| pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) | consists of the clavicle and scapula; positions the shoulder joint, help move the upper limb, and provide a base for muscle attachment |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| clavicle | collarbone; S-shaped bone that provides the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton (through the manubrium of the sternum) |
| acromion of the scapula | broader, flatter end of the scapula; the point where the clavicle and scapula articulate |
| glenoid cavity | a cup shaped fossa where the scapula articulates with the proximal end of the humerus |
| glenohumeral joint | the articulation point of the humerus and the scapula; aka shoulder joint |
| glenoid cavity | cavity at the top of the scapula that forms the socket of the shoulder joint, into which the head of the humerus fits |
| coracoid of the scapula | smaller, anterior scapular projection of the scapula extending over the superior margin of the glenoid cavity; serves as an attachment hort head of the biceps brachii muscle |
| acromioclavicular joint | the point of articulation for the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle |
| scapular spine | crosses the scapular body before ending at the medial border; divides the convex dorsal surface of the body of the scapula into two regions |
| humerus | proximal bone of the upper limb; articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula |
| greater and lesser tubercle | prominent projections on the humerus, which are important sites for muscle attachment |
| deltoid tuberosity | site of deltoid muscle attachment |
| articular condyle | dominates the distal, inferior surface of the humerus, dividing it into two distinct articular regions |
| trochlea | forms the medial portion of the humerus and articulates with the ulna |
| capitulum | forms the lateral surface of the humerus and articulates with the head of the radius |
| radial groove | runs along posterior margin of the deltoid tuberosity; marks the path of the radial nerve |
| radial nerve | a large nerve that provides sensory information from the back of the hand and motor control over the large muscles that straighten the elbow |
| medial and lateral epicondyles | proccesses that project to either side of the distal humerus at the elbow joint, providing additional surface area for muscle attachment |
| epicondyles | processes that develop proximal to an articulation and provide additional surface area for muscle attachment |
| coranoid fossa | depression on the anterior surface of the humerus accepting projections from the surface of the ulna as the elbow flexes |
| olecranon fossa | depression on the posterior surface of the humerus accepting projections from the surface of the ulna as the elbow extends |
| ulna | bone of the forearm that lies medial to the radius |
| olecranon process | forms the point of the elbow; projects into the olecranon fossa when the elbow is straightened |
| coronoid process | forms the inferior lip of the trochlear notch; projects into the coronoid fossa when the elbow is bent |
| radius | lateral bone of the forearm |
| carpal bones | bones of the wrist (8); form a proximal row and a distal row |
| proximal row carpal bones | scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform |
| distal row carpal bones | trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
| metacarpal bones | hand bones; articulate with the distal carpal bones anteriorly and distally with the phalanges |
| phalanges | fingers and toes; each contains a lateral, medial and proximal phalanx |
| pollex | thumb; contains two phalanges |
| ossa coxae | hip bones; form through the fusion of the ileum, ischium, pubis; complete fusion occurs by age 25 |
| ilium | largest of the hip bones; the lateral surface provides an extensive area for attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments |
| pelvic girdle | protects and supports the lower viscera, including the reproductive organs and developing fetus in a female |
| acetabular fossa | the fossa on the surface of the os coxae that accommodates the head of the femur |
| acetabulum | the point where the three components of the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis) meet |
| pubis symphysis | median pad of fibrous cartilage on the pubis, which limits movement between the left and right pubis bones |
| pelvis | consists of two hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx; may be subdivided into the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis |
| true (lesser) pelvis | encloses the pelvic cavity |
| false (greater) pelvis | encloses the organs within the inferior portion of the abdominal cavity |
| femur | longest and heaviest bone in the body; articulates distally at its medial and lateral condoles with the tibia of the leg at the knee joint and proximally at its rounded head with pelvis at the acetabulum |
| greater and lesser trochanters | projections near the head of the femur where large tendons attach to the femur |
| patella | large sesamoid bone that forms within the quadriceps fomoris muscle group |
| tibial tuberosity | rough projection on the anterior surface of the leg; marks the attachment of patellar ligament |
| anterior margin | ridge of the tibia that begins at the distal end and extends along the anterior surface |
| interosseous border | lateral margin of the shaft of the tibia; collagenous sheet extending from the lateral margin of the tibia shaft to the medial margin of the fibula |
| medial malleolus | large process of the tibia that provides support for the talocrucal joint (ankle) |
| tarsus | ankle; includes seven tarsal bones which articulate with the tibia and fibia only at the smooth surface of the trochlea |
| lateral malleolus | fibular process which provides stability to the ankle joint by preventing medial sliding of the tibia across the surface of the talus |
| bones of the tarsus | talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform bones (3) |
| calcaneus | bone of the tarsus; body weight is transferred when standing (along with longitudinal arch) |
| metatarsal bones | five long bones of the feet |
| longitudinal arch | arch of the foot where body weight is distributed when standing (along with calcaneus); maintained by ligaments and tendons tying the calcaneus to distal portions of the metatarsal bones |
| transverse arch | medial to lateral arch of the foot |
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