| Term | Definition |
|---|
| What is the 1st part of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis |
| What is the 2nd part of cellular respiration? | Pyruvate Oxidation |
| What is the 3rd part of Cellular respiration? | Kreb's Cycle |
| What is the 4th part of cellular respiration? | Electron Transport Chain |
| Where does Glycolysis take place? | Cytoplasm |
| Where does the last 3 parts of cellular respiration take place? | Mitochondria |
| What happens in Glycolysis? | 2 pyruvates and 2 atp |
| What happens in Pyruvate Oxidation? | Acetyle CoA |
| What happens in the Kreb's Cycle? | Citrate (NADH) and FADH2 and 2 ATP |
| What happens in the Electron Transport Chain? | Chemiosmosis and ATP synthase and 32 ATP |
| Whats the difference between 36 Eukaryotes and the 30 yeild of ATP? | 6 lost during process |
| Name the two electron carriers in the ETC. | NADH and FADH2 |
| What is an Heterotroph? | Relies on other organisms for energy |
| What is an Autotroph? | Makes own energy |
| Explain Alcohol fermentation. | Acetraldehyde ----> Ethanol. ATP produced. |
| Explain Anaerobic respiration in the Human Muscle. | Lactic Acid is final electron receptor |
| Stage 1 of evolution of metabolism | Store energy in ATP bonds |
| Stage 2 of evolution of metabolism | Glycolysis |
| Stage 3 of evolution of metabolism | H2S |
| Stage 4 of evolution of metabolism | H20 |
| Stage 5 of evolution of metabolism | Nitrogen Fixation |
| Stage 6 of evolution of metabolism | Cellular Respiration |
| How are proteins metabolized? | Proteins ---> Amino Acids---->Deamination ----> Enter Glycolysis or Kreb's Cycle |
| How are Fats metabolized? | Fats---> Fatty Acid (Glycerol) ---> Acetyl Group ----> Kerb's Cycle |
| Which Macromolecule yields the most ATP? | Fats |
| Methanogens us ____ as the final electron acceptor reducing ____ to _____ | CO2, CO2, Methane |
| Sulfur Bacteria use ____ as the final electron acceptor reducing ___to ___. | Sulfur (SO4), SO4, Hydrogen Sulfide |
| Explain the role of NADH dehydrogenase. | Enzyme- NADH to NAD+ |
| Explain the role of ATP synthase. | Makes ATP from ADP |
| What is the Equation that Represents Photosynthesis? | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O +Sunlight -------> C6 H12 O6 +6 H20 + 6 O2 |
| Where does photosynthesis take place? What part of the plant? | Chloroplast in the leaves |
| Name 3 types of photosynthetic organisms | Plants, Green Algae, Cynobacteria, Some Bacteria |
| Define Thyladoids | Flatten disk containing cholorophyll and other pigments |
| Define Grana | Stack of Thylakoid |
| Define Stroma | Semi-Liquid that surrounds thylakoid |
| A particle of light is a _____. | Photon |
| The energy of a photon is inversly proportional to the wavelength of light, therefore short wavelengths have _____ and long wavelengths have ____ | High energy, Low energy |
| Explain the mechanism behind fall leaf colors. | Shorter Days, less sun. Chl A needs accessory pigments to get broader spectrum of light |
| What are the two components to a photosystem? Explain Each. | Accessory pigment: Antenna complex to CHL A reaction center |
| What is the absorption peak of photosystem 1? | 700 nm |
| What is the absorption peak of photosystem 2? | 680 nm |
| Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in what 2 groups of organisms? | Methogens and Sulfur bacteria |
| Electrons lost from photosystem are replaced by_____. | Splitting of H2O |
| Electrons lost from photosystem 1 are replaced by ______. | B6 - F Complex |
| What are two things needed to build carbohydrates? | ATP and NADPH |
| The _____ acheives carbon fixation by converting inorganic carbon in the form of CO2 to organic carbon in the from of carbohydrates. | Calvin Cycle |
| Explain why glucose is not a direct product of the Calvin cycle. | 2 molecules of G3P (3 Carbons) combine to create glucose |
| What is photorespiration? | Oxygen is added to RUBP. Occurs at hot temp.. Keeps Stomata closed. |
| What are Stomata? | Pores in leaf of plant. CO2 enters, O2 leaves. H20 can go thru. |
| What are the 2 groups of plants that capture CO2 using PEP carboxylase? Explain the difference b/t the 2 groups in how they maintain high levels of CO2 in comparison to O2. | C4 and CEM plants = PEP. Uses enzyme other than rubisco |
| Plants that fix carbon using only the calvin cycle are call _____. | C3 plant. Only Rubisco |
| Do plant cells need mitochondria? | Yes to breakdown glucose to starch |
| Bacterial cells divide by _____. Explain how this division works. | Binary Fission- Prokayotes in nucleoid, circular chromosomes. |
| What is the name of the partition that developes b/t the bacterial cell before it divides into 2 cells? | Septum |
| What is the difference b/t prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes? | Prokaryotes have round chromosomes and Only has 1 chromosome. Eukaryotes have Linear ones wraped around proteins Histones |
| What is Chromatin? | Complex mix of DNA and Protein found on Chromosomes |
| Explain the process to condense eukaryotic chromosomes so they will fit in the nucleus. Be sure to include the name of each new structure. | Prokaryotes- Binary Division |
| What are the two domains of chromatin? Which is expressed region? Which Region is not? | Euchromation - Expressed. Heterochromation - Unexpressed. Junk DNA. |
| Mitosis is divided into 4 stages, What are they in order? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| In what stage do Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell? | Prophase |
| In what stage do the microtubules begin to pull each chromosome toward the center of the cell? | Metaphase |
| In what stage are the chromosomes aligned down the center of the cell? | Metaphase |
| What is the name for the imaginary plane? | Metaphase Plate |
| In what stage do microtubules pull sister chromatids towards the poles? | Anaphase 1 |
| In what stage do chromosomes begin to uncoil and the nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus? | Telophase |
| What is cytokinesis? | Division of Cytos |
| Explain the difference b/t plant and animal cytokinesis. | Animal- Cleavage Furrow, Pinching in of the cell. Plants- Cell plate divides cell into two new cells |
| Name the 3 cell checkpoints and explain the function of the checkpoint and what part of the cycle it occurs. | B/t G1 and S- committing to cell division, B/T G2 and M- committing to Mitosis. End Meto- Chromosomes are attached to splindle |
| ____is the failure or disruption of cell cycle control. | Cancer |
| Name the two kinds of genes that can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated. Tell how each gene works. | Tumors- Suppress |
| Meiosis is cell division that produces ______. | Gametes |
| Explain the difference b/t diploid and haploid stages. | Diploid- 2 sets of Chromosomes. Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes |
| Are Gametes haploid or diploid? | Haploid |
| Are Somatic cells haploid or diploid? | Diploid |
| How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis? Are the cells identical? | 4, yes |
| The union of the sperm cell with the egg cell is called ______. | Fertilization |
| Different organisms have different variations in which alternation of generation (either haploid or diploid) Dominates | True |
| What is the name of the process when homologous chromosomes find each other and become closely associated? | Synapsis |
| Meiosis in a diploid organism consists of two rounds of division: Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 | True |
| what is the synaptonemal complex? | Proteins b/t 2 homologous chromosomes so that base pairs can form b/t sister chromonids |
| Crossing over or when the homologues exchange chromosomal material is also called genetic _____ | recombination |
| DNA replication is not suppressed b/t meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. | False |
| What are the stages of meiosis 1? | Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1 |
| What are the stages of meiosis 2? | Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 |
| In what stage do the chromosomes begin to condense and the spindle of micotubules begin forming? | Prophase 1 |
| In what stage do the pairs of homologous chromosomes align along the middle of the cell? | Metaphase 1 |
| In waht stage are homologous pairs pulled apart? | Anaphase 1 |
| In what stage does the nuclear envelope reform around each homologous chromosome? | Telophase 1 |
| In what stage does a new spindle apparatus form in the cell and the nuclear envelope breaks down? | Prophase 2 |
| In what stage do the chromosomes with the sister chromatids align along the center of the cell? | Metaphase 2 |
| In what stage are the sister chromatids pulled apart? | Anaphase 2 |
| In what stage do the nuclear membranes re-form around four different clusters of chromosomes? | Telophase 2 |
| What are the two reasons that no two cells are alike? | Crossing over and random alignment in Metaphase 1 |
| What are the big differences b/t mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis- Division of somatic cells, 1 round of division, 2 diploid daughter cells Meiosis- Division to produce gametes, Non-identical, 2 rounds of division, 4 Haploid daughter cells |
| Gametes have ______the number of chromosomes found in Somatic cells. | Half |
| Diploids have chromosomes from each _____. | Parent |
| Which stage of Meiosis is similar to Mitosis? | Meiosis 2 ( sister chromatids pull apart) |
| Fixing CO2 at night is a function of which type of Plant? | CEM Plants |
| The Calvin Cycles main function is? | Make Glucose |
| Parent Cells have ___ chromosomes. After meiosis how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells? | 12, 6 |
| Which has more energy: Carbohydrates, fats, or proteins? | Fats |
| Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic chromosomes differ how? | Pro- Round Eu- X's |
| Psytokenisis for plants and animals? | Cell plates and Cleavage Furrow |
| What are the products of fermintation? | Lactic acid, Alcohol, and CO2 |
| What are proteins broken down too first? | Amino Acids ( Can then enter Krebs or Glycolysis) |
| What are fats broken down to first? | Acetyl-group ( Glycerol) |
| Why are plants green? | Chl-A doesn't absorb green light it reflects it. |
| What colors are most effective for plants? | Violet/Blue and Red |
| Formula for cellular respiration | C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H20 |
| What is the Chromotine? | 30nm fiber that chromosomes condense to. |
| What is Nucleosome? | DNA around 8 Histone Proteins |
| Difference b/t Sister chrmotids vs homologous chromosomes? | Homo- Similar but Sister's Exact replica |
| Plants that use photo-respiration use ___. | Oxygen |
| ATP thru glcolysis- What type of phosphorlation? | Oxidation |
| How many ATP produced in Pyruvate oxidation? | 0 |
| What are the 2 electron carriers in cellular respiration? | NADH and FADH2 |
| S phase in Meiosis is different than S phase in Mitosis? | DNA isn't replicated in meoisis. |
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