| Term | Definition |
| Sudan | a region of northern Africa |
| caravans | vehicles or pack animals traveling together |
| medieval | period of history from about A.D.500 to A.D. 1450 |
| vicinity | the region within close range of a place |
| flourishing | growing extremely well |
| floodplain | flat land along a river made up of silt left by floods |
| bartering | the trading of goods without the exchange of money |
| ladened | weighed down with heavy things |
| goods | items for sale |
| thicket | a dense growth of shrubs |
| primary | main; basic |
| livestock | animals raised and kept on a farm |
| endure | to carry on despite hardships |
| entourage | a group of followers |
| oasis | green spot in the desert where water can be found |
| caravanserai | an inn with a large outdoor area where caravans would stay |
| compounds | groups of houses or other buildings, enclosed by a wall or fence |
| allocated | set aside for a particular purpose |
| grievance | a complaint based on a real or imagined wrong |
| irrigation | bringing water for farmland by streams, ditches, or pipes |
| adequate | enough |
| game | wild animals, birds, or fish hunted for food |
| meager | lacking in amount or richness |
| paternal | related through one's father |
| maternal | related through one's mother |
| dissent | disagreement |
| belligerence | a warlike, unfriendly attitude |