| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Geschwind and Levitsky | studied 100 brains from Yakolev collection. from visual examination reported that planum temporal was large in left hemisphere in 68% of cases, larger in right hemisphere in 10% of cases, equal sizes (symmetrical) in 22% of cases |
| Wada | measured PT in stillborns and found PT was larger in LH relative to RH. Therefore, this size difference is genetically prespecified at birth and not due to language experience during development |
| Galaburda | performed cytoarchitectonic measurements of area 22 (temporo-parietal cortex) and reported 7 X larger in LH than RH |
| Falzi | first to report that Broca's area was larger in LH than RH. This finding was due to the fact that he was the first to measure cortical tissue buried deep in sulci and not just visible lateral cortex tissue |
| Scheibel | examined brancing pattern of dendrites of Golgi I neurons in layer III of cortex. Reported that total dendritic length was equal in LH and RH opercular, but in LH the higher order branches contributed a greater percentage to total length relative to lower order branches. Goal is to discover if critical maturation period for language corresponds to emergence of increased area for higher order branches of dendritic structure in LH. |
| corpus callosum | transfers information across hemispheres (Meyer and Sperry) |
| progressive neurogenesis | proliferation of neurons |
| regressive neurogenesis | cell death; removal of excess neurons |
| neurogenesis | development of cell tissue in utero |
| dichotic listening | Broadbent; contralateral audio stimulus |
| visual modality | tachistoscopic visual presentation |
| Meyer and Sperry | split brain study with a monkey |
| Kinsbourne's theory | the cc suppresses the right hemisphere from participating in linguistic operations via active inhibition, therefore the corpus callosum is necessary during development to establish left hemisphere dominance |
| split brain | see "x" in LVH, hear "x" in LE, touch "x" in left hand and subject cannot describe what he saw, heard, felt |
| acallosal | can report "x" regardless of access route; no mutism when RH addressed |
| Lassonde, Bryden and Demers | the corpus callosum and cerebral speech lateralization |
| environmental agnosia | loss of familiarity with environment; usually an occipito-temporal RH lesion |
| facial agnosia | loss of ability to recognize familiar faces; posterior RH lesions |
| left unilateral neglect | dressing disturbances; left visual field neglect |
| right hemisphere | SYNTHESIS: gestald specialist, poor at processing analytic details; ignores unimportant details; concerned with general configuration; inability to process symbols; specializes in spatial processing |
| left hemisphere | ANALYSIS: lacks configurational understanding; does not see Gestalkt whole; expert in symbol translation; keys on detailed analysis of features of stimuli |
| chimeric stimuli | when stimulus is presented in the midline of the visual field to a split brain subject, each hemisphere perceives a complete stimulus figure rather than perceiving half the stimulus |
| Levy | test of "spatial deficits" in left handers |
| Wada test | sodium amytal testing shows that 30% of left handers had language in right hemisphere |
| Zaidel | reading in the right hemisphere |
| sound to picture | hear a word and point (with left hand) to the correct picture; RH is fine |
| sound to spelling | hear a word and point to graphemes from a choice of 4 spelled words; RH is fine |
| spelling to picture | hear letters, point to picture; RH is fine |
| picture to sound | see an object, point to a picture that shows an object that rhymes; RH has great difficulty with this task |
| spelling to sound | see letters, point to a rhyming object; RH cannot perform this task |
| nonsense sound to spelling | hear nonsense word and point to letter string that spells that word; RH cannot perform this task either |
| Nottebohm | bird calls |
| Hefner and Hefner | Japanese macaques; do monkey's have an analog to Wernicke's area for comprehension and auditory discrimination abilities? |
| Ehret | left hemisphere advantage in the mouse brain for recognizing ultrasonic communication calls |
| hemispheric lateralization | exists even in lower mammals; sounds must be communicatively relevant to species |
| prosody | melody of speech, including such features as pitch, stress, juncture/pause, sentence-phrase intonation |
| suprasegmentals | prosodic elements, independent of segmental events, and can extend over many segmental events |
| segmental events | consonants and vowels |
| aprosody | right hemisphere damaged patients are unable to correctly assess both faces and voices that confer emotional moods |
| Blumstein and Cooper | prosody as distinct from speech signal and keep prosody intact is to low-pass filter the signal |
| Van Lackner and Fromkin | if tone serves as a phonemic cue, then the left hemisphere superiority exists. If the tonal info extends over larger domains of signal, then the right hemisphere is superior in processing the meaning |
| Taft and Forster | when nonwords contain real words as initial stems reaction times got longer in a lexical decision task compared to complete nonsense words |
| Bradley | effect of nonwords is not seen when closed class words make up initial stem, only content words |
| Shapiro and Jensen | only RVH showed effect of increased RT with content words; open class headed nonwords led to greater RTs than closed class and complete nonwords, but only for RVF; RH doesn't appear to distinguish between open v. closed class vocabulary type |
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