| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Chief Justice John Marshal | Appointed in 1801 and served until 1835, helped increase power of court |
| Jurisdiction | authority to hear certain cases |
| Concurrent Jurisdiction | Both federal and state courts have jurisdiction |
| Trial Court | The court in which a case is originally tried, also uses original jurisdiction |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | If a person who loses a case in a trial wishes to appeal a decision, he or she may take the case to a court with... |
| Litigants | people engaged in a lawsuit, to come before them |
| Marbury v. Madison | most celebrated decision in American history.Secured for the court the power to review acts of Congress-- the power of judicial review. (pg 337 and 307 should probably study up on this) |
| Judicial Review | Power to review acts of congress |
| Roger Taney | nominated by president andrew jackson as chief justice when john marshall died in 1835. During his 8 years in office, he named 6 justices to supreme court |
| due process clause | this clause says no state may deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. |
| separate but equal doctrine | held that if facilities for both races were equal, they could be separate. This ruling would not be overturned until brown v. board of education of topeka in 1954 |
| constitutional court | These courts include the federal district courts, the federal courts of appeals, and the United States Court of International Trade. |
| district courts | created in 1789 to serve as trial courts. Followed state boundary lines. |
| grand jury | includes 16 to 23 people, hears charges against a person suspected of having committed a crime. |
| indictment | if grand jury believes there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial, it issues an |
| petit jury | a trial jury that consists of 6 or 12 people, that weighs the evidence presented at a trial and renders a verdict |
| United States marshal | carries out such duties as making arrests, securing jurors, and keeping order in the courtroom |
| judicial circuits | a region containing a united states appellate court |
| United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Federal Court | Hears cases from federal claims court, the court of international trade, the united states patent office, and other executive agencies. |
| legislative courts | a court created to help congress exercise its power |
| senatorial courtesy | a system in which the president submits the name of a candidate for judicial appointment to the senators from the candidate's state before formally submitting it for full senate approval |
| riding the circuit | traveling to hold court in their assigned region of country |
| opinion | a written explanation of supreme court decision; also, in some states, a written interpretation of a state constitution or state laws by the state's attorney general |
| Earl Warren | headed a special commission that investigated the assassination of president kennedy |
| American Bar Association | largest national organization of attorneys,they're role is solely to evaluate the professional qualifications of candidates for all Article III judicial positions--the supreme court, the united states courts of appeals, and the United States District Courts |
| National Organization for Women | Opposes a nominee who is considered to be against women's rights. |
| writ of certiorari | an order from the court to a lower court to send up the records on a case for review |
| per curiam opinion | a brief unsigned statement of the court's decision |
| brief | a written statement setting forth the legal arguments, relevant facts, and precedents supporting one side of a case |
| amicus curiae | "friend of the court"-- briefs, they come from individuals, interest groups, or government agencies claiming to have information useful to the Court's consideration of the case |
| unanimous opinion | all justices vote the same way |
| majority opinion | expresses the views of the majority of the justices on a case. |
| concurring opinion | One or more justices who agree with the majority's conclusions about a case, but do so for different reasons, write a... |
| dissenting opinion | an opinion of justices on the losing side in the case |
| Charles Evens Hughes | Court does change its mind on issues, a dissenting opinion may even become the majority opinion on a similar issue many years later, ................. expressed this in a frequently quoted defense of disenting opinion. |
| impound | refuse to spend, money congress has appropriated |
| Miranda v. Arizona | court ruled that police had acted unconstitutionally and had violated a suspect's right. brought major changes in law enforcement policies and procedures across the nation. (pg 337) |
| stare decisis | a latin term that means "let the decision stand" |
| precedent | model, on which to base other decisions in similar cases |
| advisory opinion | a ruling on a law or action that has not been challenged |
| blocs | coalitions of justices, exist on the court on certain kinds of issues |
| swing vote | the deciding vote |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | in 1896 upheld the louisiana law as constitutional (pg 346) |
| Brown v. Board of education of topeka | court heard a challenge to its 56 year old interpretation of the 14th amendment. In 1954 the court ruled unanimously that separate but equal education facilities were unconstitutional |
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