1.
5-carbon sugar,phosphorous group, nitrogen base: 3 main parts of a nucleotide
2.
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine: 4 types of nitrogen bases
3.
bacteriophage: virus that infects bacteria
4.
base-pairing: the principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
5.
base-pairing rule: nitrogen bases pair in a specific way.
ex. a pairs to t
6.
blueprint: in the blueprint analogy, what is RNA
7.
chain reaction: what can frameshift muttations and gene muttations cause?
8.
chromatin: granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around the protiens
9.
chromosomal: what type of muttation is most common in plants?
10.
defferentation: process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
11.
DNA polymerase: enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
12.
exon: expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protien
13.
frameshift mutation: mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting/ deleting a nucleotide
14.
Franklins x-ray diffraction: the event led up to the discovery of the double helix
15.
gene: sequence of DNA that codes for a protien and thus determines a trait
16.
genes are instructions that code for protiens: what is the relationship between genes and protiens?
17.
heat killed disease causing bacteria + harmless bacteria = death: what did Frederick Griffith's experiment with pneumonia and mice show?
18.
helicase, dna polymerase: the 2 enzymes involved with DNA replication
19.
histone: protien molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
20.
hox gene: series of genes that controls the defferentation of cells and tissues in an embryo
21.
intron: sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protien
22.
master plan: in the blueprint analogy, what is DNA
23.
messenger RNA: type of RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into protiens from DNA to the rest of the cell
24.
mutation: change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
25.
muttations: changes in the genetic material
26.
nitrogen base: rungs of the "ladder"
27.
nucleotide: monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
28.
operator: region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off"
29.
operon: group of genes operating together
30.
point mutation: gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
31.
promoter: region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
32.
replication: copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
33.
ribosomal RNA: type of RNA molecule that makes up the major part of ribosomes
34.
RNA polymerase: enzyme similar to DNa polymerase that binds strands during transcription
35.
sugar, phosphate: the backbone of the "ladder"
36.
The nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits to genetic info from one generation to the next: What did Oswald Avery's experiment show?
37.
transcription: process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
38.
transfer RNA: tyoe of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protien synthesis
39.
transformation: the process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
40.
translation: DNA is transcribed to mRNA. mRNA goes into the cytoplasm. mRNA hooks up with a ribosome.
41.
tRNA, mRNA, rRNA: the 3 types of RNA
42.
Watson and Crick: the scientists who discovered the double helix in 1953
