RCP 115
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Fetid | Foul smelling sputum |
| Dyspnea | Patient's complains of being short winded |
| Febrile | Elevated body temperature secondary to disease |
| Wheezing | Continuous adventitious sound heard over the lungs in a patient suffering from narrowed airways |
| Abnormal breath sound | Bronchial breath sound heard of the RML |
| Orthopnea | Difficult breathing in the reclined position |
| Kyphoscoliosis | Thoracic spinal disorder determined by use of inspection and palpation during a physical exam |
| Crackles | Most commonly heard during auscultation of a patient with restrictive pulmonary disease |
| Residual Volume | Cannot be measure with spirometry |
| Hemoptysis | Coughing up blood from the T-B tree |
| Extrapulmonary Air | Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, & Pneumomediastinum represent good examples |
| Pleural Effusion | Can cause blunting of the costophrenic angles on An upright CXR |
| Pulmonary Angiography | Radiographic technique used to image vascularture of the lungs |
| Consolidation | Air- filled portions of the lungs that becomes fluid- filled, with or without loss of volume |
| Carina | Usually located somewhere between T - 4 and T - 5 or where the second costocatilage joins the sternum |
| Tomogram | X- Ray view in which the chest is imaged as an axial Slice or cut |
| Bone | Has the greatest density of all anatomical structures in the chest |
| Radiolucency | Property of being partly or wholly penetrable by radiant energy~ black shadows on the CXR film |
| Metal | If located in the chest it would be the most Radiodense material seen on a CXR |
| Radiopacity | Property of being partly or wholly impenetrable by radiant energy~ white shadows on the CXR film |
| Respiratory Failure | General term used to indicate failure of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation and ventilation of the blood |
| Respiration | Exchange of gas molecules across a semipermeable membrane |
| Oxygenation Failure | Pa02 less than 60 mmHg despite an FI02 of 0.50 or greater |
| Ventilation Failure | Indicated bya Pac02 greater than 45 mmHg |
| PaC02 | Single most indicator for the effectiveness of ventilation status |
| V/Q Mismatch ( low) | Most common cause of arterial hypoxemia |
| Respiratory Alternans | Breathing pattern indicative of fatiguing diaphragm |
| Pressure Support ( PS ) | Mechanical ventilatory technigue use in weaning from mechanical ventilatiom |
| PEEP | Acronym that stands for Positive End Expiratory Pressure |
| Ventilation | The process of movimg gases from the external environment into and back out of the lungs through the same conduction airway |
| Pneumonia | " inflammation of the lung parenchyma & is most often caused by infection" |
| Nosocomial | " acquired from the hospital or health care settings" |
| Necrotizing Pneumonia | A term used to describe a type of pneumonia that causes permanent damage to the lung tissue |
| Sputum Gram Stain | A procedure of sputum analysis that does not take long to perform and often identifies the general category of bacteria causing the infection |
| Sputum Culture | A laboratory test used to help identify the specific pathogen responsible for a pneumonia |
| Sputum Sensitivity | A laboratory test used to identify effective antibiotics that can be used to fight off the pneumonia |
| Empirical | " Determined on the basis of experience" |
| H. influenza | " most likely present when gram- negative coccobacilli is present in a sputum sample" |
| Amoxicillin/ Cephalosporins | Usually used to to treat gram- negative coccobacilli pnuemonias |
| Pleural friction rub | Usually present when pleural inflammation is complicating the pneumonia and is detected by chest auscultation |
| COPD | " A lung disease in which the patient has progressive airflow limitation that is not completely reversible" |
| NIPPV | A form of mechanical ventilation that has gained popularity with COPD patients since it avoids intubation and the complications associated with it |
| DLCO | A laboratory test to assess gas diffusion across the A-C membrane |
| Hoover's Sign | Inward movement of the lower lateral chest wall with each inspiration and occurs when the diaphragm is pulling in from the sides rather than down from above |
| Tram Tracks | Parallel, linear white shadows on the CXR that result from thickening of the airway when chronic bronchitis is severe |
| LVRS | Lung Volume Reduction Surgery |
| FEV1 < 35% of predicted | Defines Stage 3 of the ATS criteria for severity of COPD |
| GOLD criteria | Used to classify COPD into four stages |
| ECG Lead 1 and aVF of the COPD patient often demonstrate the following | Right axis deviation of the mean ventricular depolarization vector |
| Hepatojugular Reflex | Pressure in the neck veins appears to increase while the physician is pressing gently but firmly on the liver of the patient |
| PTE | Pulmonary Thromboembolism |
| Virchow's Triad | Main factors associated with the formation of deep venous thrombi: hypercoagulability, damage to endothelial walls of blood vessels, and venous stasis |
| Alveolar Dead Space | Pulmonary ventilation without perfusion |
| D- dimer | A blood clot marker that can be detected in the blood and levels > 500mg/ml are consistent with pulmonary thromboembolism |
| Pulmonary Angiography | Considered the GOLD STANDARD for diagnosing pulmonary embolism |
| V/ Q Scan | Nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled and blood- injected radioactive substances that detect and compare pulmonary ventilation with pulmonary perfusion |
| DVT | Deep Venous Thrombi |
| Vena Caval Umbrella | Surgically- implanted device used to filter out thromboemboli ( interruption ) before they reach the heart via the largest inferior vein |
| Westermark's Sign | A subtle, localized vascular narrowing seen on the CXR in the area of decreased perfusion distal to pulmonary emboli |
| Typical pharmacological treatment for venous thromboembolism | Administration of LMWH (heparin) and Warfarin for 6 months to life |
| 900-1400 dynes/ sec/cm-5 | Acceptable range for normal systemic vascular resistance |
| Cor pulmonale | A term used to describe right ventricular enlargement and failure as a result of primary pulmonary disease |
| Frank- Starling Response | As myocardial fibers are stretched by incresing end- diastolic ventricular pressure and volume, the fibers contract with greater force |
| CHF | A diagnosis often used for left ventricular heart failure that results in accumulation of fluids in the lungs and extremities |
| Angiotensin ll | Powerful vasoconstrictive horone produced from angiotensin l by ACE |
| Positive Inotropes | Drugs used to improve ventricular function by increasing myocardial contractility |
| 4- 12 mmHg | Acceptable range for normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
| Kerley's B lines | Finding on the CXR described as short, thin, flattened streaks of interstitial edema outlining the subsegmental lymphatics that extends from the pleural surface |
| Cardiac Output | The product of the heart rate and stroke volume |
| Edema | The clinical appearance of accumulated fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body |
| Chest Asucultation | Crackles |
| ABG | Hypoventilation, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis |
| PFT: Spirometry | Restrictive pattern |
| DLCO | 13 ml/min/mmHg |
| CXR | increased opacities with honeycomb- like appearance |
| Evaluation of digits | Clubbing |
| Breathing pattern | Tachypnea with hypopnea |
| Best imaging technique for examining the lungs parenchyma | High- resolution CT |
| Most common drug for initially suppressing the inflammatory process | Prednisone |
| Most common categorical cause of arterial hypoxemia in ILD | Diffusion defect |
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