Chapter 1: New World Beginnings
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Created by:
micdkuntz on July 13, 2009
Subjects:
ap us history, apush, apush vocab
Description:
AP US History Summer Study Packet Flashcards:Chapters 1-4
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34 terms
Spanish | English |
|---|---|
 Role/Impact of Corn | Accounted for the size and sophistication of the Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America.Cultivation of corn few large populations, pehaps as many as 20 million in Mexico alone. Corn planting powerfully molded Pueblo culture. The Pueblo people constructed irrigation systems in order to water their corn fields. |
| Pueblo Peoples | Lived in the Southwest. Their culture was greatly influenced by the introduction of corn planting. The Pueblo's in the Rio Grande valley constructed intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields. They lived in villiages of multistoried and terraced buildings. Pueblo means "village" in Spanish |
| Three-Sister Farming | The cultivation of maize, beans and squash in an environmentally clever farming technique. Beans grew on the trellis of the cornstalks and squash covered the plant mounds to reatain moisture in the soil. |
| Iroquois Confederation | Developed the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menace its neighbors, Native American and European alike for over a centuary. The Iroquois lived in the northeastern woodlands and were led by Hiawatha. |
| Caravel | Around 1450, boat made by the Portuguese in order to overcome northerlywinds and south-flowing currents. The ship could sail more closely into the wind. Also discovered that they could return to Europe by sailing northwesterly from the African coast toward the Azores, where the prevailing westward breezes would carry them home. |
| Plantation System | Large scale commercial agriculture by the wholesale exploitation of slave labor. Portuguese basically found the momodern plantation system in the 15th centuary . |
| Bartholomew Dias | Portuguese sailor who went around the southern most tip of Africa in 1488. |
| Vasco da Gama | 10 years following Bartholomew Dias, he reached India and returned home with jewels spices etc. |
| Christopher Columbus | Skilled Italian seafarer, sailed west in seach for a second route to India.October 12, 1492, his crew opened up the world of Europe to the Americas (specifically the Bahamas). Columbus believed he had found India and therefore continued to call the people "indians".One of the most successful failures in history. |
| Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain | (Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile) married to eachother, carried out Reconquista, titled as "the Catholic Kings", drove Muslims out of Spain |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of goods between the New World and the Old World (globalization). The Ameicas brought tobacco, maize, potatoes,pinapples, tomatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate, gold/silver and the disease syphillis. Europe introduced wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, diseases such as smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, and scarlet fever. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that secured Spain's claim to Columbus's discovery. (1494)It divided with Portugal the "heathen" lands of the New World. Spain got most of the land, and Portugal received territory in Africa, Asia and Brazil. |
| Conquistador | (conquerors) Between 1519-1540, they swept across America in conquest. They extinguished great Aztec/Incan empires and claimed church and crown territory that extended from Colorado to Argentina. Half were professional soldiers/sailors, the rest were peasants/artisans/middle class. Motives included hope to win royal titles, win God's favor by spreading Christianity to the pagans, and a lust for gold. Many married Indian women. |
| Vasco Nunez Balboa | He discovered the Pacific Ocean. Sailed into Panama in 1513 and claimed for his king all the lands washed by that sea. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Left from Spain in 1519 with 5 ships. He was slain by a Philippino, but his one remaining ship made the first circumnavigation of the world. |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | In 1513 and 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. He sought gold and the mythical "fountain of youth". Killed by an Indian arrow. |
| Francisco Coronado | In 1540-1542, searched for fabled golden cities, which turned out to be adobe pueblos. Wandered all to Arizona and New Mexico discovering the grand Canyon of the Colorado River and enormous herds of bison. |
| Hernando do Soto | Undertook a gold seeking expedition during 1539-1542 with 600 men. Discovered/crossed the Mississippi. Brutally mistreated the Indians with iron collars and fierce dogs. Died of fever wounds. |
| Francisco Pizzaro | In South America, he crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532 and added a huge hoard of booty to the Spanish. |
| Enconmienda | Allowed the government to "commend" of give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them, basically slavery. Bartolome de Las Casas was appalled by this. |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | (1474-1566) reform minded Dominican friar. He wrote the Destruction of the Indies in 1542 to chronicle the awful fate of the Native Americans and to protest Spanish policies in the New World. He was especially horrified at the catastrophic effects of disease on the native peoples. Also appaled by the Encomienda system in Hispaniola, called it "a moral pestilence invented by the devil". |
| Hernan Cortes | 1519 set sail from Cuba destined for Mexico. Along the way he rescued a Spanish castaway and also an Indian slave named Maliche (Maya and Nahuatl). Arrived in Vera Cruz hearing tales of wealth and gold. He then gathered 20,000 Indian allies and approached Moctezuma. He was seen by Moctezuma to be the god Quetzalcoatl, whose return from the eastern sea was predicted in Aztec legends. Cortés's extraneous hunger for power and gold later made him unwelcome. |
| Moctezuma | The Aztec Chieftain. Believed that Cortes was the god of Quetzalcoatl, whose return from the eastern sea was predicted in Aztec legends. Treated Cortez hospitably at first and allowed the Spanish to delve into his wealth unopposed |
| Mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage. Cortez intermarried his men and the Native Aztecs. Mexican culture still is a mixed heritage between the old and the new world. Mexicans also celebrate Columbus Day as Dia de la Raza- the birthday of a wholly new race of people. |
| Giovanni Cobato (John Cabot) | Sent by the English to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497-1498. |
| Giovanni da Verrazano | Italian mariner, sent by the French king to probe the eastern seaboard in 1524. |
| Jacques Cartier | Frenchman who journeyed hundreds of miles up the St. Lawrence River. |
| Don Juan de Onate | Led the Spaniards to cruely abuse the Pueblos. In the Rio Grande Valley in 1598. |
| Battle of Acoma | Battle in 1599, Spanish severed one foot off of each survivor of the Pueblos. They proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico in 1609 and found its caapital at Santa Fe 1610. |
| Pope's Rebellion | Indian uprising in 1680 caused by the missionaries' efforts to supress native religious customs. The Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers. |
| Robert de La Salle | Made an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680's. Sent by the French. |
| Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo | Explored the California coast in 1542 but failed to find San Francisco Bay or anything of interest. |
| Junipero Serra | Father who led Spanish missionaries, in 1769, to found (at San Diego) the first chain of 21 missions that went as far as Sonoma-north of San Franciso Bay. The Franciscan friars devoted to Christinanize 300,000 native Californians. Taught them horticulture and crafts but later disease killed most of these Christianized Indian converts. |
| "Black Legend" | False concept held that the conquerors merely totured and butchered the Indians ("killing for Christ"), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind. |
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