Chem Definitions Chs 4-7
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lexaconner on March 2, 2012
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 element | a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance |
| atom | the smallest subdivision of an element which retains the properties of the element |
| compound | two or more elements chemically combined in a definite weight composition |
| molecular compound | the smallest division of the compound is a molecule |
| diatomic molecules | molecules composed of two atoms of the same element |
| ionic compounds | the smallest division of the compound is an ion |
| ions | positively or negatively charged atoms or groups of atoms bonded together chemically |
| polyatomic ion | a group of atoms that has an overall positive or negative charge |
| the law of definite composition | a given substance always contains the same proportions of elements by weight |
| chemical formulas | use symbols to represent the composition of compounds and molecules |
| subscripts | represent the number of times an atom, ion, or group of atoms are found in a compound |
| reactants | the starting materials which undergo transformation during a chemical reaction |
| products | substances resulting from these transformations |
| families or groups | the vertical columns on the periodic table |
| representative elements | periodic table groups IA through VIIIA |
| transition elements | periodic table groups IB through VIIB |
| periods | horizontal rows on the periodic table |
| inner transition elements | the two rows at the very bottom of the periodic table |
| lanthanide series | on the periodic table it begins with the element cerium (Ce) and contains the sixth period through the element lutetium (Lu) |
| actinide series | on the periodic table it begins with the element thorium (Th) and contains the seventh period through the element lawrencium (Lr) |
| metals | located on the left side of the periodic table |
| nonmentals | located on the upper right side of the periodic table |
| metalloids | neither purely metallic nor nonmetallic, and manifest properties of both |
| eletron | a negatively charged subatomic particle which has a mass of 1/1837 of a proton |
| proton | a positively charged subatomic particle and is part of the atom |
| neutron | an uncharged subatomic particle with a mass slightly greater than a proton |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| mass number | the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| isotropes | atoms of the same element which have different mass numbers due to a varying number of neutrons in the nucleus |
| emission line spectrum | measures energy of light and is based on the fact that each element has a unique line spectrum which appears as a specific set of colors |
| quantum mechanics | based on a mathematical equation which uses wave functions to describe the behavior of an electron in the atom |
| wavelength | the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of another |
| frequency | the number of waves passing a certain point in a given amount of time |
| principal quantum number | the major energy level in which an electron exists |
| ground state | where the available electrons fill the atom's lower energy levels first and the electrons are not, therefore, in an excited state |
| sublevels | designated as "s", "p", "d", and "f", and give rise to the different orbital shapes |
| aufbau principle | states that electrons fill the lowest energy level orbital available |
| electron configuration | a notational form used to designate electron energy levels and the specific distribution of the electrons in the atomic orbitals |
| valence shell electrons | those electrons in the outermost energy levels or orbitals |
| kernel | the noble gas configuration |
| lewis dot formulas | a representation of the valence electrons by dots places around the elemental symbol |
| hund's rule | states that all orbitals of a given sub-shell must contain a single electron before pairing begins |
| azimuthal or angular momentum quantum number | defines the shape of the orbital |
| magnetic quantum number | designates the spatial orientation of the orbital |
| spin quantum number | describes the spin of the electron |
| pauli exclusion principle | states that no two electrons in a given atom may have the same set of quantum numbers |
| chemical bonds | the electrostatic forces between atoms which bind them together |
| metallic bonds | formed when metals bond with themselves or a mixture of other metals |
| ionic bonds | formed when metal ions bond to nonmetal ions |
| covalent bonds | formed when nonmetals bond to nonmetals, and are due to sharing electrons |
| cations | positively charged ions |
| anions | negatively charged ions |
| octet rule | states that atoms are more stable when the outer shell is either completely filled with 8 electrons, or completely empty (leaving the kernel) |
| ionic radius | the radius of the ion of an element |
| crystal lattice | the specific geometric array of ions in an ionic compound |
| formula unit | the whole number ratio of atoms in ionic compounds |
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