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superior and inferior vena cava feed into right atrium blood is drained from the veins by left atrium tricuspid valve is on the right side bicuspid/mitra valve is on the left side thin walled weaker heart pump atrial pump thick walled stronger heart pump ventricular pump tight connnections between cardiac muscle intercollated disk cardiac muscle is____meaning its all connected and working together syncytium/insition purkinje fibers have a longer____than ventricular fivers plateau ___is necessary for contraction calcium calcim enters on L type channel period where another stimulus cannot excite muscle refractory period period where a supernatural stimulus can excite a muscle relative refractory period a relative refractory period contraction will lead to early premature contraction invagination of the cell membrane allowing calcium in t tubule calcium enters the cell and binds to___causing the release of calcium from sr ryanodine released calcium binds to____leading to change to tropomyosin troponin every contraction is followed by relaxation ___has to be removed for relaxation to occur calcium ___helps sote calcium in sr sequestin enzyme that removes calcium calcium atpase mechanism to remove calcium sodium calcium exchange sodium potassium mechanism allows ___to occur sodium calcium exchange drug that can inhibit sodium potassium exchange vigitalis sound that you hear when listening to heart valves closing 1st heart sound mitro valve 2nd heart sound aortic valve 3rd heart sound rapid filling 4th heart sound atrial contraction closed AV valve is indication that start ventricular contraction __help to hold a valve in place papillary muscle ___prevent a valve from collapsing chordae tendineae in a contraction___goes up pressure in contraction____stays the same volume diastole relax systole contract ___is equal in both ventricles cardiac output sympathetic____heartrate increases parasympathetic____heartrate decreases ___sets diastolic lenght of muscle preload ___release noepinephrine sympathetic ___release acetylcholine parasympathetic acetylcholine works on____receptors muscaronic noepinephrine works on____receptor beta adrenergic changing output at same preload_____contractility increases rapid movement=rapid depolarization impulse is slowest in av node impulse is fastest in purkinje fibers pacemaker of heart SA node sodium and calcium drive depolarization potassium drives repolarization 1 way street from atria to ventricle AV node conduction delay in av node allows___to close first atria the conduction delay in the av node allows the atria to close before the ventricle degree of tension on muscle when it begins to contract preload slower depolarization requires more time to reach threshold parasympathetic releases acetylcholine that opens___channels potassium the brake on the heart= parasympathetic the longest effective refractory period exists in purkinje fibers ___is based on the amount of blood in the left chamber at the end of diastole sacromere length mitro valve closing signifies the end of systole close of aorta valve to close of mitro valve diastole