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Trapezius -superior attachment -inferior attachment superior attachment: medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, SP of C7-T12 inferior attachment: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula Trapezius -action -innervation action: upper fibers: elevate scapula middle fibers: retract scapula lower fibers: depress scapula innervation: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) Latissimus Dorsi -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal attachment: SP of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3-4 ribs distal attachment: floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus Latissimus Dorsi -action -innervation action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8) Levator Scapula -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal attachment: posterior tubercles of TP of C1-C4 distal attachment: superior aspect of the medial border of the scapula Levator Scapula -action -innervation action: elevates scapula and tilts the glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating the scapula in downward rotation Rhomboid Major & Minor -proximal attachment (of minor and major) -distal attachment proximal attachment: minor: nuchal ligament & SP of C7 and T1 major: SP of T2-T5 distal attachment: medial border of the scapula from the spine to the inferior angle Rhomboid Major & Minor -action -innervation action: retract scapula and rotate the scapula in downward direction to depress the glenoid cavity, fix scapula to the thorax; can assist with elevation of scapula with levator scapula innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5) Serratus Posterior Inferior/Superior -action elevates ribs, aids in inspiration Splenius Capitis & Cervicis -origin -insertion (capitis & cervicis) origin: ligamentum nuchae & spinous processes of C7-T3 insertion: splenius capitis: mastoid process and superior nuchal line of the occipital bone splenius cervicis: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3/C4 Splenius Capitis & Cervicis -action (alone and together) -innervation action: acting alone: ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation acting together: extend the head and neck innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves Erector Spinae Muscles Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis Spinalis -origin -insertion origin: broad tendon from posterior aspect of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, inferior lumbar SP, supraspinous ligament insertion: SP of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, skull Spinalis -action (unilaterally & together) -innervation action: unilaterally: lateral bending of vertebral column together: extend the head and neck innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves Longissimus -origin -insertion origin: broad tendon from posterior aspect of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, inferior lumbar SP, supraspinous ligament insertion: TP in thoracic and cervical regions, mastoid process Longissimus -action (unilaterally & together) -innervation action: unilaterally: lateral bending of vertebral column together: extend the head and neck Iliocostalis -origin -insertion origin: broad tendon from posterior aspect of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, inferior lumbar SP, supraspinous ligament insertion: angles of lower ribs and cervical TP Iliocostalis -action (unilaterally & together) -innervation action: unilaterally: lateral bending of vertebral column together: extend the head and neck innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves Semispinalis -origin -insertion origin: transverse processes of C4-T12 insertion: occipital bone, spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions spanning ~2-4 segments Semispinalis -action -innervation action: extend head, cervical, and thoracic regions. Contralateral rotation Multifidus -origin -insertion origin: sacrum, ilium, transverse processes of T1-T3, articular processes of C4-C7 insertion: pass superomedially to spinous processes of of T1-T3, C4-C7 Multifidus -action -innervation action: stabilize vertebrae during movement of the vertebral column innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves Rotatores -origin -insertion origin: transverse processes of vertebrae, best developed in the thoracic area insertion: pass superomedially to attach at junction of lamina and TP or SP of vertebrae above their origin, spanning 1-2 segments Rotatores -action -innervation action: stabilize the vertebrae, assist with extension and rotary movements innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves Quadratus Lumborum -superior attachment -inferior attachment superior attachment: medial 1/2 of inferior borer of 12th rib and tops of lumbar transverse processes inferior attachment: iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of the iliac crest Quadratus Lumborum -action -innervation action: extends and laterally flexes the vertebral columb, fixes 12th rib during inspiration innervation: ventral branches of T12 and L1-L4 nerves Interspinalis -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal: superior surface of spinous processes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae distal: interior surface of SP of vertebrae superior to vertebra of proximal attachment Interspinalis -action -innervation action: aids in extension and rotation of vertebral column innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves Intertransversarii -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal: transverse processes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae distal: transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae Intertransversarii -action -innervation action: aids in lateral flexion of vertebral column; acting bilaterally: stabilizes vertebral column innervation: posterior and anterior rami of spinal nerves Levatores Costarum -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal: tips of transverse processes of C7 and T1-T11 vertebrae distal: pass inferolaterally and insert on ribs between tubercle and angle Levatores Costarum -action -innervation action: elevates ribs, assisting in respiration; assists with lateral flexion of vertebral column innervation: posterior rami of C8-T11 spinal nerves 3 principle functions of intervertebral discs bind vertebral bodies together, permit movement within a vertebral segment, transmit loads across the segment functions of nucleus pulposus imbibe (drink in) fluids/nutrition, transmission of force, equalization of stress functions of annulus fibrosus containment of the nucleus pulposus, stabilization of vertebral segment via attachment to cartilaginous end plates, "permission of movement" subscapularis -action -innervation action: medially (internally) rotates arm as part of rotator cuff; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7) subscapularis -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal: subscapular fossa (most of anterior surface of scapula) distal: lesser tubercle of humerus teres major -action -innervation action: adducts and medially rotates arm (internal rotation) innervation: lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6) teres major -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal: posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula distal: medial top of intertubecular groove of humerus teres minor -proximal attachment -distal attachment -action -innervation proximal: middle part of lateral border of scapula distal: interior facet of greater tubercle of humerus action: laterally rotates the arm, acts with rotator cuff muscles innervation: axillary nerve (C5, C6) infraspinatus -proximal attachment -distal attachment -action -innervation proximal: infraspinous fossa of scapula distal: middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus action: laterally rotates arm and acts with rotator cuff muscles innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5, C6) supraspinatus -action -innervation action: initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of arm and acts with rotator cuff muscles innervation: suprascapular nerve (C4-C6) supraspinatus -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal: supraspinous fossa of scapula distal: superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus Deltoid -action -innervation action: clavicular: flexes and medially rotates arm acromial: abducts arm spinal: extends and laterally rotates arm innervation: axillary nerve (C5, C6) Deltoid -proximal attachment -distal attachment proximal: lateral third of clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula distal: deltoid tuberosity of humerus