Feeds Exam 1
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Created by:
slangford1 on March 3, 2012
Subjects:
Description:
Lectures 2-7, Spring 2012,
Nutrition, Monogastrics, Hind Gut Fermentors, Ruminants, Chemical Analysis, Digestibility of Nutrients
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76 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is nutrition? | 1) The provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. 2) Steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products. 3) The relationship between diet and a biological system. |
| What is a nutrient? | Any chemical element or compound that supports maintenance, reproduction, growth, or lactation. |
| Protein is composed of | amino acids. |
| Must essential amino acids be provided in the diet? | Yes |
| Essential Amino Acids | Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine ,Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine |
| Nonessential Amino Acids | Alanine, Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Cystine, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine |
| Carbohydrates are products of | photosynthesis |
| Lipids are soluble in | organic solvents. |
| Macrominerals | required in large quantities; calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur |
| Microminerals | required in small quantities; manganese, zinc, iron, copper, molybdenum, selenium, iodine, cobalt, chromium |
| Fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E, K |
| Water Soluble Vitamins | B1, B2, B6, B12, C, niacin, folacin, etc |
| Is water an important nutrient? | Yes |
| Is water required in the diet? | No; it's consumed separately. |
| Food | edible material that provides nutrients |
| Feed | same as food, but used to designate animal food |
| Foodstuff/Feedstuff | any material made into or used as food or feed |
| Diet | mix of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to animmals |
| Ration | daily allocation of feed or food |
| Objective of Livestock Nutrition | To provide animals with a diet or ration that contains all of the nutrients needed for a specific function. |
| Is it more efficient to feed grain to livestock or humans? | Humans |
| What is digestion? | The preparation of feed for absorption, and the breakdown of feed into molecules that can be absorbed. |
| What is absorption? | The passage of small molecules from the GI tract through the mucosal cells into the blood or lymph systems. |
| Monogastrics | Chickens, pigs, turkeys, dogs, cats |
| Ruminants | cattle, goats, sheep, deer |
| Hind Gut Fermentors | Horse, rabbits, ostrich, kangaroo, elephant |
| Monogastric Digestive Anatomy | mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > anus |
| Label the Pig | Label the pig |
| What are enzymes? | accelerate chemical reactions; most are proteins |
| Small Intestine Functions in monogastric | digestion of proteins, digestion of carbohydrates, digestion of fats, absorption of the end products of digestion, secrete enzymes that aid in digestion |
| Large Intestine Functions in monogastric | water absorption, bacterial fermentation, formation of the feces, waste storage |
| Label Horse | label horse |
| What is a hind gut fermentor? | non-ruminant herbivore |
| Foregut contains | stomach, small intestine, and enzymatic digestion of sugar, starch, fat, and protein |
| Hindgut contains | cecum, colon, and fermentative digestion of plant fibers by bacterial enzymes |
| Causes of tooth problems | age, genetics, nutrition, grazing conditions |
| How many liters of saliva do horses produce each day? | 10-12 liters |
| What does saliva function as? | A lubricant, and a buffer |
| The stomach of the horse comprises what percentage of the GI Tract? | 10% |
| Stomach of hindgut fermentors | Mucosal surfaces: 1/2 squamous, 1/2 glandular, secretes HCl and pepsin |
| Glandular Mucosa | fundic region and pyloric region |
| SI of hindgut fermentors | 50-70 feet long, approx 30% of GIT, primary site of digestion of protein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals and vitamins |
| Hindgut Fermentors don't have a | gall bladder |
| LI of hindgut fermentors | approx 65% of GIT, broken down to cecum, large colon, small colon |
| LI of hindgut fermentors functions: | only fermentative digestion; absorbs VFA, water, electrolytes, and nitrogen |
| Do ruminants have pregastric fermentation? | Yes |
| What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach? | Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum |
| Label Cow | Label Cow |
| Concentrate Selectors | evolved early, small rumens, large livers; fruit and forage selectors: very selective; Tree and shrub browsers: eat highly lignified plant tissues, deer, giraffe, kudus |
| Intermediate Feeding Species | seasonally adaptive; prefer browsing: moose, goats, elands; prefer grazing: sheep, impalas |
| Roughage Grazing Species | most recenntly evolved, large rumens, longer retention times, kess selective, digests fermentable cell eall carbohydrates; fresh grass grazers: buffalo, cattle, gnus; roughage grazers: hartebeests, topis; Dry region grazers: camels, antelopes, oryxes |
| Label Ruminant Stomach | Label Ruminant Stomach |
| Reticulum | honeycomb lining, formation of food bolus, regurgitation initiated here, collects foreign materials |
| Rumen | 40-50 gallons, contains anaerobic microbes, papillae lining, absorption of VFA, fermentation of VFAs produces gases, helps the breakdown of feeds - particularly roughage |
| Omasum | laminae lining, reduces particle size - prepares food material for chemical breakdown, absorption of water - 60% removed, absorption of VFAs |
| Abomasum | true gastric stomach - cardiac, fundic, and pyloric regions, digestive secretions, pH decreases from 6-2.5, secretion of gastric juices, acidity kills rumen microbes - allows digestion of microbial protein, majority of chemical breakdown occurs here |
| Advantages of Ruminant Stomach | fermentation allowing utilization of fibrous materials, no mammal produces cellulase, rumen microbes secrete cellulase, ability of rumen microbes to synthesize amino acids and protein from ammonia, nonprotein nitrogen are made into microbial protein by rumen microbes, all water soluble vitamins and vitamin K are synthesized by rumen microbes |
| Disadvantages of Ruminant Stomach | fermentation of hugh energy feeds yields less digestible energy, loss of energy during fermentation - heat production by microbes, rumen gases - methane |
| Ruminant SI | most of food material absorbed into the bloodstream, digests and absorbs feed not digested in the rumen, digests rumen bacteria, food material continually squeezed - making it more solid |
| Ruminant LI | prepares unused food material for removal from the body, fermentative digestion - digests cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch, may account for as much as 17% total VFA absorption, absorption of ammonia, mineral absorption, absorbs 90% of water entering LI |
| Factors affecting nutrient concentrations | geographical location, management practices, soil fertility, climate, plant species, stage of maturity of plant |
| Proximate Analyses System | most common chemical method, basis for TDN system to evaluate energy availabilty, separates feed sample into 6 fractions: water, CP, EE/Crude fat, ash, CF, NFE |
| Why do we multiply the N value by 6.25? | It is the inverse of 16% which is the mean N content of plant CP. |
| Weakness of Proximate Analysis System | separation of CHO into the CF and NFE components is inaccurate and inconsistent, variation exists between plants in recovery of fiber components |
| Van Soest System | uses detergents to solubilize various portions of plant material, measures NDF and Acid DF |
| NIR Analysis | rapidly and reproducibly measures the chemical components of feed samples with little or no sample prep, |
| Advantages of NIR | speed, simplicity of sample prep, multiplicity of analyses with one operation, nonconsumption of sample |
| Disadvantages of NIR | dependent on calibration procedures, requires conducting chemical analyses of hundreds of samples, complexity in the choice data analysis and development of calibration equations, limited to availability and accuracy of calibration data bases, lack of sensitivity of analysis for minor constituents, instruments are expensive |
| Digestibility of Feed | the proportion of feed that is not excreted in the feces, and is thus assumed to be absorbed by the animal |
| Fecal Energy Losses represent | the single largest loss of energy encountered in the use of feed |
| Do we know the true or apparent version of digestibility or both? | Apparent |
| Conventional digestion trial | most accurate method to measure nutrient digestibility |
| Objective of a digestion trial | to accurately quantify nutrients consumed and nutrients excreted in feces for a particular feed or diet over a given period of time |
| Factors Affecting Apparent Digestibility | nutrient composition of feed, forage maturity, level of feed intake, associative effects or non-additivity, feed processing, environmental temperature |
| Total Digestible Nutrients | a general measure of a feed's energy value, based on the use of proximate analysis, requires measurement of nutrient digestibility coefficients |
| Weaknesses of TDN System | proximate analysis system doesn't accurately separate CF v NFE CHO fractions, doesn't account for energy losses such as urine, combustible gas, and heat increment, TDN values for roughages overestimate the amount of useful energy |
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