Unit 5 Industrialization and Nationalism
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70 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Adam Smith | Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory |
| Agricultural Revolution | A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically. |
| Alexander II | the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881) |
| Alfred Noble | Invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time. |
| assembly line | mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it |
| balance of power | an equilibrium of power between nations |
| bourgeoisie | the social class between the lower and upper classes |
| blood and iron | policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany |
| Camillo Cavour | The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state |
| capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of capital |
| chancellor | the person who is head of state (in several countries) |
| child labor | using children to work in factories and businesses |
| communism | a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society |
| communist manifesto | a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views |
| conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes |
| cottage industry | This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product |
| division of labor | Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers |
| Duma | Russian national legislature |
| Edward Jenner | English physician who pioneered vaccination |
| Eli Whitney | United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) |
| enclosure | process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers |
| entrepreneur | someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it |
| factory system | a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building |
| Free enterprise | an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices |
| Friedrich Engles | German social science philosopher that developed communist theory with Karl Marx. Also, this philosopher edited volumes of Das Kapital, a work that influenced the work of Lenin |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882) |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872) |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937) |
| Henry Bessemer | British engineer who invented a process to produce steel |
| interchangeable parts | identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring |
| James Hargraves | Invented the spinning jenny. |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) |
| Jeremy Bentham | English philosopher and jurist |
| Jethro Tull | Invented the seed drill |
| Joseph Lister | English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912) |
| Kaiser | the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918 |
| Kaiser WIlliam II | last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. |
| Karl Marx | founder of modern communism |
| labor union | an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer |
| laissez-fair | an economic principal based on the belief that government should ot interfere with business. |
| liberalism | a political orientation that favors progress and reform |
| lobbying | attempting to influence policy makers |
| Louis Pasteur | French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895) |
| Market competition | competition among businesses |
| means of production | the resources (lands, tools, equipment, factories, transportation, and labor) essential to the production and distribution of goods and services |
| Metternich | Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe. |
| militarism | a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests |
| nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it |
| Otto Von Bismarck | German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898) |
| parliamentary democracy | a democracy having a parliament |
| pogrom | organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews) |
| proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages |
| putting-out system | system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England |
| raw materials | Unprocessed natural products used in production |
| Realpolitik | politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations |
| Reich | the German state |
| Robert Owen | Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858) |
| socialism | a political theory advocating state ownership of industry |
| standard of living | a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| smelt | extract (metals) by heating |
| tenement | a rundown apartment house barely meeting minimal standards |
| Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. |
| Thomas Malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) |
| unification | the act of making or becoming a single unit |
| urbanization | the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban |
| utilitarianism | doctrine that the useful is the good |
| Wealth of Nations | This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies. |
| working conditions | the environment of the workplace |
| zemstvo | local elected assembly set up in Russia under Alexander II |
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