| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Arthrology | Scienc dealing with the study of joints |
| Articulation | The connection of bones; joint |
| Axial | Pertaining to a line running through the center of the body; also pertaining to head and trunk |
| Bursa | padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue usually near a joint which is lined with a synovial memebraned and filled with synovial fluid which helps to reduce friction between moving parts |
| Cartliage | A type of dense connective tissue consisting of cells embeded in a matrix whichis firm, compact and capable of withstanding pressure and tension. |
| Fontanels | Unossified spaces or soft spots lying betweenthe cranial bones of the skull of the fetus or infant. |
| Joint | Point of junction between two bones |
| Ligament | A band of fibrous connective tissue connecting bones, cartilages, and other structures and serving for support or for attachemetn of fasciaor muscles |
| Olecranon Process | An extension at the proximal end of the ulna - elbow |
| Ossicle | Any small bone (especially one of the small bones in the ear) |
| Process | A projection or outgrowth of bone or tissue |
| Sutures | Lines of union of cranial bones by a thin fibrous membrane whcih eventually disappears |
| Xiphoid process | Thin, elongated process extending caudally from body of sternum. |
| Function of the skeletal system | provide support and shape to the body; protects vital organs; assits the body in movement; makes blood cells in bone marrow and stores clacium an dphosphorus. |
| Irregular bones | are bones that do not actually fit into any of the other groups. uncommon in shape. spinous process, vertebre, femoid, scrcum, coccyx and mandabal. |
| Sesamoid bones | sometimes are called "floating" bones and are a oval shaped nodule of a bone or fibrocartliage in a tndon playing over a bone surface. bones between metacarpals, patella. |
| Flat bone | are usually curved, thin and flat. these bones serve to protect soft body parts or to attach wide muscles.pelvic bones, scapula, skull bones, illum and ribs. |
| Long bone | include bones whose lenght is greater than their width or circumference. Tibia, clavicle, humerus, metacarpals, radius, ulna, fibula, femur and phalanges. |
| Short bone | include bones whose dimensions are approximately equal. Tarsals and carpals |
| Composition of bones | inorganic salts - calcium and phosphorus; organic materials such as nerves and blood vessles and water |
| Characteristics of bone marrow | Is a soft spongelike material. Is found in cavities of bones. manufactures RBCs, WBCs and platelets. Consists of tow types: RBCs and yellow bone marrow. Red bone marrow produces blood cells. During infancy and childhood, all bone marrowis red. In adulthood, red marrow is contained in only a few locations such as diploe, ribs, sternum and vertebral bodies. |
| Characteristics of the axial skeleton | Composed of 80 bones. Forms the upright part or axis of the body. |
| Characteristics of the appendicular skeleton | Are attached to the axis as appendages. compsed of 126 bones. Consist of the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and the upper and lower extremities. |
| Skull bones | parietal bones (2), temporal, occipital, frontal bone, sphenoid |
| face bones | nasal bones (2), ethmoid (1), zygomatic (2), maxillary bones (2) and mandible (1) |
| ear bones | 6 bones in the ears |
| Chararcteristics of the hyoid bone | is the u-shaped bone in neck between mandible and upper part of larynx, only bone in the body which does not articulate with another bone. suspended by ligaments on processes from temporal bone in cranium. tongue is connect to the hyoid. |
| characteristics of rib and the sternum | the ribs and sternum form the thoracic cavity. there are 12 pairs of ribs. all ribs attach to the thoracic region of the vertebral column. the uppper 7 pairs of ribs are called "true ribs". True ribs are attached to the sternum by costal cartilages. the lower 5 pairs of ribs are called false ribs. false ribs do not attach to the sternum directly. the upper 3 pairs of false ribs attach to the 7the costal cartilage. the loer 2 pairs of false ribs do not attach at all and are clled floating ribs. the sternum is one one that is also called the breast bone. |
| Sternum | 3 sections. upper - Manubrium. body - Gladiolus. lower - xiphoid |
| functions of the articular system | joints allow for changes of position and body motion. joints help to bear weight of the body. the joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, juscles and articular discs provide stabiltiy. Synovial fluid lubricates the joints and nourishes the cartilages. |
| ligaments | are connective tissue bands which hold bones together. found in connect w/free movable joints and may less movable joints. helps to renforce and stablized in various points. |
| articular cartilages | are found where bones meet adjacent bones. are smoothe layers of cartilage that cover the ends of opposing bones. |
| synovial fluid | thick fluid that resembles the white of a raw egg. provides the major source of nutrition fo rthe articular cartilage. is secreted by the synovial membrane which is a thick vascular tissue. |
| ball and socket | movement inall planes in addtion to rotation. hip and femur and shoulder |
| hinge | movement in one direction. knee joint, elbow joint and finger joint |
| pivot | uniaxical rotation. articulation between axis and atlas for rotation of head |
| concyloid | oval shaped condyl fits into cavity motion possible in 2 planes. wrist / carpal |
| saddle | movement possible in two directions. joint between the carpals and thumb metacarpals |
| gliding | a nonaxial gliding movement. joints between carpals and between tarsals. |
| main cartilages of the knee joint | lateral meniscus and medial menisus |
| main ligaments of the knee joint | posterior cruciate ligaments and Anterior cruciate ligaments. Tibial cottateral ligametns and fibular cottateral ligaments. |
| injury to the knee | the most common derangemetns of hte knee is a tear of the semilunar cartilage, which usually results from a twisting injury. the lateral meniscus is more frequently damaged than the medial one. |
| pronation | palm down |
| inversion | inward |
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