Unit 5 Industrialization and Nationalism
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70 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade and wrote the Wealth of Nations |
| Agricultural Revolution | A time when new inventions and technology made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically. |
| Alexander II | Introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs and the development of a system of local governments |
| Alfred Noble | Invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time. |
| assembly line | Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks |
| balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong |
| bourgeoisie | the industrial middle class |
| blood and iron | Otto Von Bismarck's policy that opposed liberal revolutions and democratic ideals and stated that industry and war would unify germany |
| Camillo Cavour | Lead the Italian unification;prime minister of Sardinia. Joined Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces in 1858 |
| capitalism | economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit |
| Chancellor | highest official of a monarch |
| child labor | using children to work in factories and businesses |
| Communism | Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; class struggle would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole |
| Communist Manifesto | Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urging an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes and describing the history of the working-class movement |
| conservatism | A belief that limited government ensures order, competitive markets, and personal opportunity. |
| Cottage Industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. |
| division of labor | Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers |
| Duma | elected national legislature in Russia |
| Edward Jenner | English physician who pioneered vaccination and developed the Smallpox vaccine |
| Eli Whitney | Invented the Cotton Gin |
| enclosure | The process of taking over and consolidating land previously shared by farmers |
| entrepreneur | person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit |
| factory system | production of goods in a factory using machines and a large number of workers |
| free enterprise | economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference |
| Friedrich Engles | Wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian nationalist who founded Young Italy which aroused nationalism for a united nation. Attempted a revolution, but failed |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Invented the Radio |
| Henry Bessemer | Developed a process that produces steel through the smelting of iron |
| interchangeable parts | Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing |
| James Hargraves | Invented the spinning jenny |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry |
| Jeremy Bentham | advocated utilitarianism |
| Jethro Tull | Invented the seed drill |
| Joseph Lister | promoted the idea of sterilizing medical equipment before operating |
| Kaiser | german emperor |
| Kaiser William II | Leader of Prussia who appointed Otto Von Bismarck Prime Minister and later Chancellor |
| Karl Marx | Developed the ideas behind the Communist Manifesto and assisted in the writing of it with Friedrich Engles |
| Labor Union | an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members |
| Laissez-faire | policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference |
| liberalism | an economic theory advocating free competition, progress, and reform |
| lobbying | attempting to influence policy makers |
| Louis Pasteur | Began pasteurizing liquids to kill bacteria |
| market competition | competition among businesses |
| means of production | farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods |
| Metternich | Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe. |
| militarism | the policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war and the glorification of the military |
| nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in one's country and devotion to one's country |
| Otto Von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia; conservative nationalist, led Prussia to victory against Austria and France and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire of which he became chancellor. Held a policy of Blood and Iron and Realpolitik |
| parliamentary democracy | a government in which voters elect representatives to a lawmaking body (parliament) |
| pogrom | violent attack on a Jewish community |
| proletariat | Industrial working class |
| putting out system | a system in which merchant-capitalists put out raw materials to workers for processing and payment |
| raw materials | Unprocessed natural products used in production |
| Realpolitik | Realistic politics based on the needs of the state |
| Reich | the German empire |
| Robert Owen | Wrote "a New View of Society"; thought society should own and control production and the competition should be replaced with cooperation |
| Socialism | system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses |
| standard of living | Measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| smelt | Melt in order to get the pure metal away from its waste matter. |
| tenement | multistory building divided into crowded apartments |
| Thomas Edison | Invented Lightbulb |
| Thomas Malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence |
| Unification | the bringing together of one or more groups to form a unified country |
| urbanization | the movement of people from rural areas to cities and the growth of cities |
| Utilitarianism | idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people |
| Wealth of Nations | Written by Adam Smith advocating free markets |
| working conditions | the environment of a workplace |
| zemstvo | local elected assembly set up in Russia under Alexander II |
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