Unit 8
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orla_baldwin13 on March 4, 2012
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79 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Agricultural Adjustment Administration | Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again. |
| Albert Fall | The Secretary of the Interior who accepted bribes from an oil company and started the Teapot Dome Scandal. |
| Andrew Mellon | Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs. |
| Back to Africa Movement | Encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America. |
| Bank Holiday | Closing of banks for four days during the Great Depression. |
| Bonus March | Group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 (during the Great Depression) to demand the immediate payment of their pension bonuses, Largest protest. |
| Brain Trust | Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the Great Depression. |
| Calvin Coolidge | 30th President of the United States. Became president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased. |
| Cash and Carry | Term for the President's discretionary authority to require that warring nations who purchased goods other than arms or munitions had to pay in cash and then carry them away in its own ships, an ingenious scheme to preserve a profitable trade without running the risk of war. |
| Causes of the Depression | ... |
| Charles Lindbergh | United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974). |
| Congress of Industrial Organization | A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers. |
| Consumerism | An organized movement of citizens and government agencies to improve the rights and power of buyers in relation to sellers. |
| Court Packing Scheme | FDR's plan to "pack" the Supreme Court with supporters to keep his New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional. |
| Cultural Isolation | This is the practice of excluding the United States from the affairs of the world. This was a precedent set by George Washington, who thought that this was the best way to keep the nation out of trouble: 1934-1941. |
| Edward Hopper | A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks. |
| Elijah Mohammad (Black Muslims) | ... |
| Ernest Hemingway | One of the most popular writers of the 1920's who wrote "A Farewell to Arms." |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | Was part of both the jazz age and the lost generation. Wrote books encouraging the flapper culture, and books scorning wealthy people being self-centered. Writer of the Great Gatsby. |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | 1938 Act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor. |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) | A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933. |
| Flappers | Women who abandoned dress and conduct codes of the past. These rebellious girls became the symbol of the Roaring Twenties as they shocked their elders with short skits, slang, new dances, heavy makeup, and drinking or smoking in public. |
| Francis Townsend | American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. |
| Frank Lloyd Wright | Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. |
| Franklin Roosevelt | The 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. |
| Georgia O'Keeffe | A twentieth-century American painter. Her paintings were highly symbolic; flowers and desert scenes were among her favorite subjects. |
| Good Neighbor Policy | Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy. |
| H.L. Menken | New york Journalist and essay writer. Author of "main street" Ridicules rural people" |
| Harlem Renaissance | A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. |
| Henry Ford | 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. |
| Herbert Hoover | He was the 31st President from 1929 to 1933. He called on businesses to help solve the situation rather than the government. Americans felt he did little to help them during the Great Depression. |
| Hoovervilles | Shanty-towns and camps built outside of major cities by people who had lost their homes during the Great Depression called Hoovervilles because the people blamed President Hoover for their situition. |
| Huey Long (Kingfish) | Shanty-towns and camps built outside of major cities by people who had lost their homes during the Great Depression called Hoovervilles because the people blamed President Hoover for their situition. |
| Hundred Days | Period at the start of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency in 1933, when many New Deal programs were passed by Congress. |
| Indian Reorganization Act | Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs. |
| Isolationism | A policy of avoiding contact with other countries. |
| John L. Lewis | He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act. |
| John Steinbeck (Grapes of Wrath) | 1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression. |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | Was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defence. |
| Keynesian Economics | Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. |
| Langston Hughes | A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People" |
| Lost Generation | Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe. |
| Marcus Garvey | Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business. |
| Margaret Sanger | American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional. |
| National Industrial Recovery Act | A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA. |
| National Labor Relations Act | A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. |
| National Origins Act | This 1924 act established a quota system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America. The system restricted the "new" immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia. It reduced the annual total of immigrants. |
| National Recovery Administration | Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. |
| Neutrality Acts | Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. |
| New Deal | the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented. |
| Normalcy | What Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WWI. |
| Quota System | A system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year. |
| Radio | A communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves. |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | RFC was an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration. |
| Red Scare | Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas. |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly. |
| Schechter vs. U.S. (sick chicken case) | ... |
| Scopes Trial | 1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. |
| Scottsboro Boys | Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women by the names of Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. All of the young men were charged and convicted of rape by white juries, despite the weak and contradictory testimonies of the witnesses. |
| Securities and Exchange Commission | US government agency which oversees the operations of the stock markets which trade stocks, bonds, and other types of securities. |
| Share the Wealth | Huey Long. Plan to redistribute the wealth. Every person should be guaranteed at least a $2000 annual income. Tax all income over $1 million at 100% percent. |
| Sinclair Lewis | American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature. |
| Sit-Down Strike | Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met. |
| Smoot Hawley Tariff | One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high. |
| Social Security Act | A 1935 law passed during the Great Depression that was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans and thus save them from poverty. |
| Spirit of St. Louis | Custom built, single engine, single seat monoplane flown solo by Charles Lindbergh from NY to Paris. |
| Stimson Doctrine | (FDR) 1932, , 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. |
| Stock Market Crash | Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock. |
| Teapot Dome/Elk Hills Scandals | 1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign. |
| Thomas Hart Benton | Thomas Hart Benton (April 15, 1889 - January 19, 1975) was an American muralist of the Regionalist school. His fluid, almost sculpted paintings showed everyday scenes of the contemporary Midwest, especially bucolic images of pre-industrial farmlands 7: 1934-1941 |
| TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) | Built dams to control flooding,generate hydroelectrical power, and boost agricultural production, in theTennessee Valley region. Provided jobs, homes, and reforestation. It still exists. |
| Universal Negro Improvement Assc. | Launched a chain of blacked owned grocery stores and pressed for the creation of other black businesses. Eventually, Garvey began urging supporters to leave America and return to Africa, where they could create a new society of their own. UNIA became notable for its mass rallies and parades, for the opulent uniforms of its members, and for the growth of its enterprises. 7: 1934-1941 |
| Volstead Act | Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States. |
| Volunteerism | The practice of offering your time and services to others without receiving payment |
| Wagner Act | Law passed in 1935 that aided unions by legalizing collective bargaining and closed shops, and by establishing the National Labor Relations Board. |
| Warren G. Harding | 29th U.S. President. 1921-1923 (Died of natural causes). Republican. Was the president that promised to bring the US back to normal after WWI. |
| Washington Naval Conference | 1921 President Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence. |
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) | New Deal program that employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians as well. |
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