Physiology, Chapter 14 Cardiac Output, Blood Flow & Pressure
About this set
Created by:
maddcamel on July 17, 2009
Subjects:
Chapter 14 Cardiac Output, Blood Flow and Pressure
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
119 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Define cardiac Output | is volume of blood pumped by each ventricle Per Minute |
| Define Stroke Volume | is volume of blood pumped by each ventricle Per BEAT |
| Cardiac Output= ? | Stroke Volume x Heart Rate (CO=SV x HR) |
| Average Cardiac Output(CO) is? | 5.5 liters/minute |
| Total Blood Volume is? | 5.5L |
| Regulation of Cardiac Output depends on what 2 factors? | The Heart Rate and The Stroke Volume |
| Autonomic innervation of the "?" is the main factor that controls Heart Rate | SA Node |
| "?" and "?" nerve fibers modify rate of spontaneous depolarization (Chronotropic effect) | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| Regulation of Heart Rate, The Sympathetic(Nor Epinephrine & Epinephrine of the adrenal gland) does what? | Increases the heart rate |
| Regulation of Heart Rate, The Parasympathetic(Acetylcholine) does what? | Decreases the heart rate |
| "?" of medulla Oblongata coordinates activity of Autonomic Innervation | Cardiac Control Center |
| Stroke volume is determined by what 3 variables? | End Diastolic Volume, Contractility and Total Peripheral resistance |
| Stroke Volume, Increase in the "?" leads to Increase of SV | End Diastolic Volume (EDV) leads to increase of Stroke Volume |
| Stroke Volume is also called? | Preload |
| Define The End Diastolic Volume | The Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole |
| The End Diastolic Volume depends on "?" | Venous Return (the return of blood to the heart via Veins) |
| The Actual heart rate, at any time, depends on the net effect of these two antagonistic influences | The Sympathetic (increases heart rate) and The Parasympathetic (decreases heart rate) |
| Venous Return Depends on what four factors? | Blood volume & venous pressure, Skeletal muscle pump, Pressure drop in chest cavity during inhalation, Venonstriction caused by Sympathetic |
| Do Veins hold most of blood in body? | Yes 70% of blood. Most trapped in veins |
| Pressure in Veins are hi or low? | Pressure in veins is low (0-10mm Hg) Mercury |
| The Contractillity of the heart is controlled by what two mechanisms? | Intrinsic and Extrinsic |
| Contractillity of the heart muscle, what does Intrinsic mean? | Comes from inside the organ |
| Contractillity of the heart muscle, what does Extrinsic mean? | Comes from outside of the organ |
| Frank-Starling Law of the heart states: that the strength of "?" varies directly with End Diastolic Volume | Ventricular Contraction |
| As "?" increases, the mycardium is stretched more, causing stronger contraction that leads to increase in the Stroke Volume (SV) | EDV (End Diastolic Volume) |
| The contractility (strength of Heart contractions) depends on the level of "?" activity | Sympathoadrenal activity (Produces an increase in contraction Strength,) (Positive Inotropic Effect) |
| Ejection fraction is precentage of "?" to the end "?" | Percentage of STROKE VOLUME to the END DIASTOLIC VOLUME |
| T/F Ventrical is never empty? | True, Ventrical is never empty |
| Ejection Fraction, At rest it is "?" | 60% (End diastolic Volume is 110-130ml Stroke volume is 70-80ml |
| Ejection Fraction, During excercise it may reach up to "?" | 90% (Useful clinical diagnostic tool) |
| Blood volume, The Intercellular Compartment contains "?" of body H2O | 2/3 of body H2O |
| Blood Volume, The Extracellular Compartment contains "?" total body H2O | 1/3 of body H2O |
| The Extracellular Compartment, "?" % of this is interstitial fluid and "?" % is blood plasma | 80% of this is interstitial fluid 20% is blood plasma |
| Distribution of Extracellular Compartment Fluid (ECF) between blood & interstitial compartments is in state of "?" | Dynamic Equilibrium |
| What are the two forces of Dynamic Equilibrium? | The Hydrostatic Pressure and The Osmotic |
| The Hydrostatic Pressure (The Blood Pressure) moves fluids from "?" | Moves fluids from Capillaries to Interstitial spaces (moves out) |
| The Osmotic (The Colloidal Pressure) moves water "?" interstitial spaces back to "?" | from & capillaries (Brings back) |
| Movement out of capillaries is driven by "?" exerted against capillary wall | Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Pressure) |
| Movement of water back to capillaries is done by "?" | Colloid Osomotic Pressure (Osmotic Pressure exerted by Proteins in fluids) |
| Osmotic Pressure promotes Movement of water from the "?" back to blood in Capillaries | Intersititial fluid |
| Overall Fluid Movement is determined by "?" & forces opposing it.(Starling Forces) | Net Filtration (Pc +IIi (fluid out) - Pi + IIp (Fluid In) |
| Define Edema | Excessive Accumulation of ECF, Also means increase of intertitial fluid |
| What are the Causes of Edema? | High Blood Pressure, Venous Obstruction, Leakage of Plasma Proteins into ECF, and low plasma Protein Levels caused by liver disease, obstruction of Lymphatic Drainage |
| What is Myxedema? | From Hypothrodism(Excess production of glycoproteins in extracellular matrix) |
| Regulation of Blood volume by Kidney, Urine Formation begins with filtration of plasma in the | Glomerulus |
| ADH (Vasopressin) is realeased by "?" | Posterior Pituitary Gland |
| When is ADH (Vasopressin) released by the posterior pituitary gland? | Osmoreceptors detect High Osmolality in the Plasma due to either excess salt intake or Dehydration |
| ADH release inhibited by "?" | Low Osmolality |
| What is Aldosterone? | Is a steriod hormone secreted by Adrenal Cortex |
| What does Aldosterone help maintain? | Helps maintain Blood Volume & Pressure through Reabsorption & Retention of salt & Water |
| Aldosterone release is stimulated by what 3 things? | Salt Deprivation, Low Blood Volume, Low Blood Pressure |
| What is Renin-Angiotension Aldosterone System used to treat? | ACE inhibitors are in the treatment of Hypertension |
| What does Blood Flow Mean? | Means the Flow of Artery's Blood |
| What are the two main Factors Affecting Blood Flow? | The Pressure difference, The Diameter of the Blood Vessels. (Resistance) |
| Factors Affecting Blood Flow, What is The Pressure difference mean? | The greater ressure difference the more is the Blood flow |
| The Diameter of the Blood Vessel, What is Vasodilation? | Decreases Resistance & increases blood flow |
| The Diameter of the Blood Vessel, What is Vasoconstriction? | Increases Resistance & Decreases blood flow |
| Vaso refers to? | Refers to Arterys |
| Venous refers to? | Refers to Veins |
| Regulation of Blood Flow, What are the Two Mechanisms? | Extrinsic Regulation, and Intrisnic Regulation |
| Extrinsic Regulation is done through what system? | Autonomic Nervous System (Also Sympathetic and Parasympathetic) |
| Intrinsic Regulation is done in what 2 things? | Myogenic and Metabolic |
| Extrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow, Sympathoadrenal activation(Fight or Flight) causes? | Increased CO(Cardiac Output) |
| Extrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow, In Sympathodrenal Activation (Fight or Flight) what 4 things happen in the body? | Increased Cardiac Output, Vasoconstriction of the Arterioles in skin and Viscera, Increased blood flow to Skeletal Muscles, Blood is diverted away from from Viscera & skin to Skeletal muscles |
| Increased Blood flow to Skeletal Muscles by Dilation of their Arterioles in response to? | ACH, which is secreted from Symp Fibers and Epinephrine from the Adrenal Gland |
| Parasympathetic effects are? | Vasodilative |
| Parasympathetic only innervates? | Digestive tract, Genitalia, Salivary Glands |
| Is Parasympathetic important or not important as Sympathetic in the regulation of Blood Flow? | Not as Important as Sympathetic |
| Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow(Autoregulation) Maintains fairly constant blood flow despite "?" varation | BP (Blood Pressure) |
| Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow(Autoregulation), Myogenic Control Mechanisms occur in? | Occur in some tissues because vascular smooth muscle Contracts when stretched & relaxes when not stretched |
| Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow (Autoregulation), Metabolic Control Mechanism increases? | Increases blood flow to local tissues to meet their metabolic requirements in responds to, Lower O2 levels, high CO2 levels, and lower PH (Lactic Acid) |
| What 3 factors lead to Vasodilation which increases Blood Flow? (Reactive Hyperemia) | Lower O2 Levels, High CO2 Levels, Lower PH (Lactic Acid) |
| Heart Muscle is the most "?" Tissue | Aerobic Tissue |
| The Myocardium is very rich in "?" | Capillaries |
| The Myocardium contains lots of "?" & Aerobic enzymes | Mitochondria |
| During Systole Coronary vessels are? | Occluded |
| Heart gets it O2 supply from? | Myoglobin (Protein that carries Oxygen) |
| "?" is an O2 storage molecule that releases O2 to Heart during Systole | Myoglobin |
| During excercise, blood flow increases due to? (3 factors) | Increase CO(cardiac output), Metabolic Vasodilators, and Diversion of blood away from viscera and skin |
| During contraction, Blood flow through muscles is decreased or increased because vessels are constricted? | Decreased |
| At beginning of excercise blood flow to the brain changes or stays the same? | Stays the same |
| As exercise continues "?" fraction increases | Ejection Fraction |
| Cerebral Circulation, what 2 things occur after a few seconds of interrupted flow? | Loss of Consciousness and Irreversible Brain damage occurs within a few minutes |
| Cerebral Circulation is regulated almost exclusivley by "?" | Intrinsic mechanisms |
| What are the two intrinsic mechanisms? | Myogenic regulation and Metabolic Regulation |
| What is Blood Pressure? | Is the Pressure of Blood against the arterial wall |
| "?" plays a very important role in the control of Blood Pressure | Arterioles |
| Blood pressure is "?" at the junction of Sperior Vena Cave and Right Atrium | Blood Pressure is 0 |
| Blood pressure is controlled mainly by what 3 factors? | Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Peripheral resistance |
| In Blood Pressure, heart rate, stroke volume and Peripheral Resistance also means? | Cardiac Output |
| Sympathoadrenal activity raises Blood Pressure by? (2 things) | Arteriole Vasoconstriction and Increased Cardiac Output |
| Kidney plays a role in Blood Pressure by regulating? | Blood Volume & thus Stroke Volume |
| Baroreceptor Reflex is activated by what? | Is activated by changes in blood pressure |
| Baroreceptors are located in "?" & "?" detect any change | Aortic Arch & Carotid Sinuses |
| Baroreceptors "?" in blood pressure causes Sympathetic stimulation | Decrease in blood pressure |
| Baroreceptors "?" in blood pressure causes Parasympathetic stimulation | Increase in blood pressure |
| Baroreceptor reflex is most sensitive to? | Sudden decrease in blood pressure (going from laying to standing) |
| Measurement of Blood Pressure, Cuff constricts aretery creating "?" & noise as blood passes constriction during Systole & is blocked during Diastole | Turbulent Flow |
| "?" sounds can be heard when the cuff pressure is greater than diastolic but lower than systolic pressure | Korotkoff sounds |
| "?" pressure is when 1st Korotkoff sound is heard | Systolic Pressure |
| "?" pressure is when no sound can be heard | Diastolic Pressure |
| Pulse Pressure equals? | systolic pressure - diastolic pressure. (120-80= 40 pulse pressure) |
| Mean Arterial Pulse equals? | Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
| What is called the "silent Killer?" | Hypertension |
| Treatment of Hypertension with Drug Treatments Include? | Diuretics to reduce blood volume, Beta-blockers to decrease heart rate, Calcium blockers |
| Circulatory shock occurs when there is? | Inadequate blood flow or Inadequate Oxygen supply to Tissues |
| Hypovolemic Shock is? | Is circulatory shock caused by low blood volume. (From Hemorrhage, dehydration, or burns) |
| What are the signs of Hypovolemic Shock? | Low Blood Pressure, Rapid weak pulse, Cold Clammy Skin, Low Urine Output. |
| Septic shock refers to? | Dangerously low blood pressure resulting from Sepsis(Severe Infection). |
| Septic Shock often occurs as a result of ? | Endotoxin released from Bacteria |
| Endotoxin induces NO production causing "?" which leads to fall in Blood Pressure | Vasodilation |
| What are the three causes of Circulatory Shock? | Anaphylactic Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock |
| What is Anaphylactic Shock? | Severe allergic reaction can cause a rapid fall in blood pressure due to generalized release of Histamine causing Vasodilation |
| What does Vasodilation mean? | Means drop in Blood Pressure |
| Neurogenic Shock results from? | Results from Decrease in Sympathetic tone following spinal cord damage or anesthesia which leasds to Vasodilation leading to Rapid fall in Blood pressure |
| Cardiogenic Shock is? | Is Common following Cardiac Failure resulting from infarction that causes significant Myocardial Loss |
| Define Myocardial Infarction? | Death of Heart Muscle |
| Congestive heart failure occurs when? | Cardiac Output is insufficent to maintain blood flow required by the body |
| How is congestive heart failure treated? | Is treated with Digitalis, Vasodilators, & Diuretics |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.