| Term | Definition |
|---|
| what are the two systems that regulate blood pH? | the respiratory system and the renal system |
| what regulates breathing | the medulla oblongata |
| when the diaphragm contracts, it... | flattens out |
| stomach | secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl), which helps kill germs that have been swallowed with food; gastric glands also break protein into amino acids through an enzyme called pepsin |
| small intestine | site of the most digestion and absorption |
| bile | produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder; an emulsifier that breaks up fat |
| functions of the liver | stores glycogen, produces glucose, metabolizes fats, produces blood proteins, stores vitamins, and detoxifies the blood |
| where do most of the enzymes in the small intestine come from? | the pancreas; it secretes at least one enzyme for each type of food that neeeds to be digested. the pancreas secretes lipases and proteases. the pancreas also secretes bicarbonate in order to neutralize the acid from the stomach. thats why the pH in the intestines is close to neutral |
| portal veins | the veins which the capillaries from the intestines merge to; the system is called teh hepatic portal system and it is designed to directly deliver nutrients from the intestines to the liver |
| Vitamin A | needed to make retinal, a chemical necessary for sight; deficiency causes night blindness |
| Vitamin B | many different forms; needed for cellular respiration and DNA replication; deficiency causes skin disorders, mental confusion, and anemia |
| Vitamin C | needed to make collagen; deficiency causes wounds that don't heal; scurvy |
| Vitamin D | needed for calcium absorption; deficiency causes weak bones and teeth, rickets |
| Vitamin E | needed to protect cell membranes from damage; deficiency: anemia |
| iron | needed in hemoglobin; deficiency: anemia |
| calcium | needed for strong bones and teeth, also for muscle contraction; deficiency causes in children, rickets; in adults, ostemomalacia (bone weakening) |
| iodine | needed to make thyroxine, a thyroid hormone; deficiency results in decreased metabolic rate |
| pancreas | secretes enzymes into the small intestine including amylase, lipase, protease, and bicarbonate |
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