Chapter 8, Political Geography
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 balance of power | condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries |
| Berlin Conference | a meeting (in 1884) at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa |
| boundary | invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory |
| city-state | a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
| colonialism | attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
| colony | a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent |
| compact state | a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
| devolution | the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state's territory |
| elongated state | A state with a long, narrow shape |
| fragmented state | a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| federal state | an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government |
| frontier | a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control |
| high seas | areas of oceans away from land, beyond national jurisdiction, open and free for all to use |
| EEZ | exclusive economic zone, as established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploration extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it |
| gerrymander | process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
| imperialism | control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society |
| irredentism | the policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state |
| landlocked state | a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
| microstate | a state that encompasses a very small land area |
| multinational state | state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities |
| perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one |
| prorupted state | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
| sovereignty | ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| state | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
| stateless nation | a nation without a state (e.g., Kurds, Palestinians, Basques, Gypsies-Roma) |
| territorial waters | the area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction (12 nautical miles as established in the "Law of the Sea") |
| unitary state | an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials |
| supranationalism | term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives (multi-national political communities) |
| United Nations | international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations |
| civil divisions | governmental divisions that divide citizens--like the Berlin Wall dividing East and West Germany, and the division of India into India, Pakistan and (now) Bangladesh upon the withdrawal of Great Britain |
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