Chapter 2: Fieldwork
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 dialectic of fieldwork | The process of building understanding between an anthropologist and informant(s) so that each can begin to understand the other |
| inter-subjective meaning | The shared, public symbolic systems of a culture |
| multi-sited ethnography | Ethnographic research on cultural processes that are not contained by social, ethnic, religious, or national boundaries in which the ethnographer follows the process from site to site |
| positivism | The view that there is a reality 'out there' that can be detected through the senses and that there is a single, appropriate scientific method for investigating that reality |
| reflexivity | Critically thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on one's own experiences |
| objective knowledge | Knowledge about reality that is true for all people, in all times and places (not influenced by personal values or cultural bias) |
| situated knowledge | Ethnographic knowledge shaped by reflexivity (shaped by the recognition of the social and political contexts under which an observation was made) |
| rich points | Discrepancies in cross-cultural communication (actions or words), these moments are seen as opportunities for insight to be made |
| linguistic anthropology | The study of language as a form of cultural practice, generally concentrating on the use of the language, and how said language is used to shape social and cultural identities |
| phonemes | the sounds used by a particular language |
| morphemes | the smallest meaningful units of a language |
| syntax | the rules for constructing phrases and sentences from morphemes |
| semantics | how the language constructs meaning (through processes such as denotation, connotation, and metaphor) - Beyond the literal meaning of language, divergent thinking |
| pragmatics | How the language is used - Depends upon the situational context |
| linguistic competence | the system of linguistic knowledge (or syntax) possessed by native speakers of a language. |
| linguistic performance | the actual use of language in speech |
| communicative competence | the system of social knowledge of the rules for appropriate language use |
| endangered language | Less than 1000 speakers remaining |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | Language is a way of categorizing and classifying the world |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | Therefore our view of the world is built upon the structures of our language and our habits of speaking |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | No two languages categorize and classify the world in quite the same way |
| creole language | the language that develops from the pidgin language; by definition it is a native language that becomes the first language of succeeding generations. |
| openness | The ability to talk about the same experiences from different perspectives, to paraphrase using different words etc. (no one perspective more correct than any other) |
| displacement | The ability to talk about absent or non-existent objects and past or future events; allows us to talk with great precision about things which do not exist (unicorns) |
| prevarication | The ability to use false statements, to lie; to make statements or ask questions that violate convention |
| arbitrariness | The lack of transparent connection between the form of a symbol (features of expression) and its meaning |
| duality of patterning | Human language is patterned on both sound and meaning Phonemes Morphemes |
| speech prosody | Calls, together with gestures and the changes in speech rhythm, volume, and tonality |
| communicative competence | Mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech |
| linguistic context | refers to the other words, expressions, and sentences that surround the expression whose meaning we are tying to determine (Pronouns) |
| non-linguistic context | consists of objects and activities that are present in the situation of speech at the time we are speaking |
| discourse | A stretch of speech longer than a sentence united by a common theme - Includes spoken one-word greetings, a series of sentences spoken by the same person, a conversation among two people etc. |
| ethnopragmatics | Pays attention not only to the immediate context of a sentence, but also to broader cultural contexts that are determined by social relationships and history etc. |
| communicative practices | involves spoken language as well as shared habitual knowledge not put into words |
| discourse | a set of linguistic habits for a particular situation |
| heteroglossia | the normal condition of linguistic knowledge in any society with internal divisions. Describes the co-existence of many linguistic norms |
| pidgin | a language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages |
| creole language | When a pidgin language is passed onto another generation and therefore begins to possess native speakers. After this passing on, the language begins to resemble a conventional one. |
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