Chapter 15: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
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83 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 regions of the brain | cerebrum, diencephalons, mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
| cerebrum | conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory, complex motor patterns original in this region; largest region of the brain |
| mesencephalon | processes visual and auditory information and generates involuntary somatic motor responses |
| pons | connects the cerebellum to the brain stem and is involved with somatic and visceral motor control; contains: sensory and motor nuclei for 4 cranial nerves, nuclei concerned with involuntary control of respiration, nuclei that process and relay cerebellar commands arriving over the middle cerebellar peduncles; ascending, descending and transverse tracts |
| cerebellum | adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory data and stored memories; oversees body's postural muscles and progams and tunes voluntary and involuntary movements |
| medulla oblongata | connects brain to the spinal cord; contains nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, olivary neuclei and reflex centers - including cardiovascular and rhythmicity centers |
| neural cortex | layer of gray matter on the surfaces of the cerebrum and cerebellum that covers underlying white matter |
| ventricles | expansions of the central passageway of the brain |
| regions of the brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| cranial meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater |
| folds of dura mater | falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diapragma sellae |
| blood brain barrier | isolates neural tissue from the general circulation |
| functions of cerebrospinal fluid | cushions delicate neural structures; supports the brain; transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products |
| choroids plexus | site of cerebrospinal production |
| via the lateral apertures and a median aperture | how does CSF reach subarachnoid space |
| diffusion across the arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus | how does CSF return to the venous circulation |
| gyri | elevated ridges on cortical surface of the cerebral hemisphere, which increase the surface area and provide space for additional cortical neurons |
| sulci | shallow depressions on cortical surface of the cerebral hemisphere |
| fissures | deep grooves on cortical surface of the cerebral hemisphere |
| longitudinal fissure | separates the two cerebral hemispheres |
| central sulcus | marks the boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe |
| frontal lobe | largest of the cerebral lobes |
| occipital lobe | visceral cortex |
| primary motor cortex | located in the precentral gyrus; directs voluntary movements |
| primary sensory cortex | located in the postcentral gyrus; receives somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors |
| association areas | control our ability to understand sensory information |
| examples of association areas | visual association area, somatic motor association area (premotor cortex) |
| axons within central white matter | association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers |
| association fibers | tracts that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere |
| commissural fibers | tracts connecting the two cerebral hemispheres |
| projection fibers | tracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord |
| diencephalons | provide the switching and relay centers necessary to integrate the sensory and motor pathways |
| epithalamus | contains the hormone-secreting pineal gland; forms the roof of the diencephalons |
| thalamus | principal and final relay point for ascending sensory information and coordinates voluntary and involuntary somatic motor activities |
| hypothalamus | contains important control and integrative centers. it can CONTROL involuntary somatic control activities, autonomic function, and circadian cycles of activity; COORDINATE activities of nervous and endocrine systems, voluntary and autonomic functions; REGULATE body temperature; PRODUCE emotions and behavioral drives; SECRETE hormones |
| nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus | processing centers of the medulla oblongata |
| olivary nuclei | relay information from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and brain stem to cerebellar cortex |
| reflex centers of the medulla oblongata | control or adjust the activities of the peripheral systems |
| divisions of cerebellar hemispheres | anterior and posterior lobes, vermis, flocculonodular lobes |
| neural circuits of neuronal pools show | divergence, convergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation |
| divisions of cerebellar surface | anterior and posterior lobes, vermis, flocculonodular lobes |
| contents of cerebellar hemispheres | neural cortex, formed into folds or folia |
| contents of medulla oblongata | nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, olivari nuclei, reflex centers, cardiovascular centers, respiratory rhythmicity center |
| olfactory tract | NI; carries sensory information responsible for sense of smell |
| optic nerve | NII; carries visual information from the special sensory receptors in the eyes |
| oculomotor nerve | NIII; primary source of innervation for the extra-ocular eye muscles that move the eyeball |
| trochlear nerve | NIV; smallest cranial nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye |
| trigeminal nerve | NV; largest cranial nerve, is a mixed nerve with ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches and its motor neurons originate in the pons |
| abducens nerve | NVI; innervates the sixth extrinsic oculomotor muscle, the lateral rectus |
| facial nerve | NVII; mixed nerve that controls muscles of the scalp and face. provides sensations over the face and receives taste information from the tongue. |
| vestibulocochlear nerve | NVIII; contains the vestibular nerve, which monitors sensations of balance, position, movement and the cochlear nerve, which monitors hearing receptors |
| glossopharyngeal nerve | NIX; mixed nerve that innervates the tongue and pharynx and controls the action of swallowing |
| vagus nerve | NX; mixed nerve that is vital to the autonomic control of visceral function and has a variety of motor components. the only cranial nerve that leaves the head and neck region |
| accessory nerve | NXI; has an internal branch which innervates voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx, and an external branch, which controls muscles associated with the pectoral girdle |
| hypoglossal nerve | NXII; provides voluntary motor control over tongue movements |
| types of neuroglia in CNS | astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
| functions of astrocytes | maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support for CNS, regulation ion and nutrient concentrations, perform repairs to stabilize the tissue and prevent further injury |
| functions of interoceptors | monitor digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive and urinary systems |
| types of receptors | exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors |
| locations of synapse occurrance | dendrite, cell body, axon |
| thalami | the walls that contain relay and processing centers for sensory data |
| flocculonodular lobes | Smallest lobe of the cerebellum situated in an inferior position; principally concerned with balance and eye movements. |
| brain stem | consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| olfactory bulbs | Stalk-like structures loacted at the base of the brain that contain neural circuits that perform the first analysis of olfactory information |
| falx cerebri | divides the brain in to left and right hemispheres |
| tentorium cerebelli | separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
| falx cerebelli | separates the two lobe of the cerebellum |
| diapragma sellae | is the circular fold of dura mater that almost completely roofs the fossa hypophyseos in the sphenoid bone of the skull. It retains the pituitary gland in the fossa hypophyseos, with only the infundibulum of the pituitary gland passing through it. |
| lateral apertures | contains foramen of Luschka; CSF flows to subarachnoid space via lateral aperture |
| median apertures | Holes in 4th ventricle that allowes CSF to pass through. Also called Foramina of Magendi |
| arachnoid granulations | Extra CSF absorbed back into blood |
| superior sagittal sinus | Venous return from the top of the head that drains into the internal jugular vein |
| anterior lobes | controlled by the hypothalamus; secretes growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropiin hormone, prolactin, gonadotropins and melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| posterior lobe | AKA neurohypophysis, contains the ends of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus, releases hormones when stimulated by nervous impulses from the hypothalamus |
| cerebral hemispheres | divided into right and left by the cerebrum. |
| parietal lobe | that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head |
| temporal lobe | that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head |
| precentral gyrus | frontal lobe; primary motor cortex; controls somatic motor neurons |
| postcentral gyrus | parietal lobe; primary sensory cortex; somatic sensory information |
| visual association | area (occipital lobe)-- identify the things we see--faces are recongnized in temporal lobe |
| somatic motor association | control ability to understand sensory information. Higher order integrative centers receive information form many different association areas and different complex motor activities/analytical functions. |
| central white matters | contains three major groups of axons; 1- association fibers (tracts that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere); 2- commissural fibers (tracts connecting the two cerebral hemispheres); and 3- projection fibers (tracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord.) |
| vermis | the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres |
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