Urinary System Physiology Chap 28
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nathan_sweat on March 5, 2012
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the chief functions of the kidneys? | -Process Blood -Form Urine |
| What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron |
| The kidney's nephron forms urin through what 3 processes? | -Filtration -Tubular reabsorption -Tubular secretion |
| What is the movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman's capsule? | Filtration |
| What is the movement of molecules out of the tubule and into peritubular blood? | Tubular reabsorption |
| What is the movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion? | Tubular secretion |
| What is the first step in blood processing? | Filtration |
| Where does filtration in blood processing occur? | 2.5 million Renal corpuscles |
| Filtration occurs as the result of what? | A pressure gradient |
| From blood in the glomerular capillaries how much water and solutes filter into the bowman's capsul each day? | 180 liters of water and solutes filter through the Bowmans capsule through the Glomerular capsular membrane |
| Glomerular capillary filtration occurs rapidly due to what? | Increased number of fenistrations |
| Glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration are directly related to what? | Systemic Blood pressure |
| What is the second step in urine formation? | Reabsorption |
| What occurs as a result of passive and active transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules? | Reabsorption |
| The major portion of reabsorption occurs where? | Proximal tubules |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule what is actively transported out of the tubule fluid and into blood? | Sodium |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule what is passively transported out of the tubule fluid and into blood by means of the sodium co-transport mechanism? | -Glucose -Amino Acids |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule what passively move into blood because of an imbalance in electrical charge? | -Chloride ions -Phosphate ions -Bicarbonate ions |
| Movement of sodium and chloride into the blood causes an osmotic imbalance causing the movement of what? | Water into the blood |
| After the sodium, chloride, and water move to the blood from the proximal tubule it leaves a high concentration of what? | Urea |
| Approximately half of what passively moves out of the proximal tubule with he remaining moving on to the Loop of Henle? | Urea |
| What is Glomerular hydrostatic pressure? | 60 mm Hg |
| What is Glomerular osmotic pressure? | 32 mm Hg |
| What is Capsular hydrostatic pressure? | 18 mm Hg |
| What is Capsular osmotic pressure? | Negligent (+or- 0 mm Hg) |
| What is the equation to get Effective filtration pressure (EFP)? | (Glomerular hydrostatic pressure + Capsular osmotic pressure) minus (Glomerular osmotic pressure + Capsular hydrostatic pressure) |
| With an EFP of 10 mm Hg the Glomerular filtration rate would be how much in 24 hours? | 180 Liters |
| The Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly proportional to the effective filtration pressure (EFP) and can be altered by what changes? | Changes in diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles or by changes in the systemic blood pressure |
| During reabsorption in the loop of Henle what is reabsorbed from the tubule fluid by the descending limb? | Water |
| During reabsorption in the loop of Henle what is picked up from the interstitial fluid in the descending limb? | Urea |
| During reabsorption in the loop of Henle what are reabsorbed from thefiltrate in the ascending limb? | -Sodium -Chloride |
| By reabsorption of salt from the ascending loop of Henle it makes the tubule fluid what? | Dilute (hypotonic) |
| Reabsorption of salt from the ascending loop of Henle causes what to happen to the Interstitial fluid in the medulla? | Creates and maintains a high osmotic pressure or high solute concentration in the IF |
| What is different about the characteristic of walls in the descending and ascending loop of Henle? | Descending- Thin walled allows water and urea to diffuse Ascending- Thick Relatively impermeable to water |
| Where is Antidiuretic hormone secreted from? | Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
| What cells are targeted by ADH? | Cells of the distal and collecting tubules which causes them to become more permeable to water |
| The distal tubule reabsorbs what by active transport? | Sodium (but in smaller amounts than in the proximal tubule) |
| During reabsorption in the proximal tubule what is passively reabsorbed? | Chloride and other anions |
| During reabsorption what is able to move via osmosis from the distal tubule but only in the presence of ADH? | Water |
| What is tubular secretion? | The movement of substances out of the blood and into tubular fluid |
| With the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct urea concentration in the tubule what tubule fluid increases causing urea to do what? | Diffuse out of the collecting duct into the medullary IF |
| Distal and collecting tubules passively secrete what? | Ammonia through diffusion |
| Distal and collecting tubules actively secrete what? | -Potassium -Hydrogen -Some drugs |
| During reabsorption in the collecting duct what is actively reabsorbed? | Sodium |
| During reabsorption in the collecting duct what is passively reabsorbed? | Urea through diffusion |
| During reabsorption what is able to move via osmosis from the collecting duct but only in the presence of ADH? | Water |
| What is the hormone that targets the cells of distal and collecting tubule cells which causes an inceased activity of sodium-potassium pumps? | Aldosterone |
| What increases distal and collecting tubule absorption of sodium? | Aldosterone |
| What reduces water loss by the body? | ADH |
| What has a central role in the regulation of urine volume? | ADH |
| What indirectly acts as an antagonist of aldosterone by promoting the secretion of sodium into the kidney tubules rather than sodium reabsorption? | ANH atrial natriuretic hormone |
| What hormone promotes natriuresis (loss of NA+ via urine)? | ANH atrial natriuretic hormone |
| What regulatory mechanism helps protect the kidney Glomerular filtration rate function from rapid blood pressure variations and may influence renin-angiotensin mechanism? | Tubuloglomerular feedback |
| The process of Tubuloglomerular feedback is dependent on proper functioning of what? | Macula densa cells Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| How does the process of Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism maintain constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? | By regulating resistance in afferent arterioles |
| What is the rapid and effective regulation of GFR via changes in afferent arteriole smooth muscle contraction and relaxation? | Myogenic mechanism |
| What is urine mainly comprised of? | 95% water |
| What are the several different substances that are dissolved in water to comprise urine? | -Nitrogenous Waste -Electrolytes -Toxins -Pigments -Hormones -Abnormal constituents |
| What are the different nitrogenous wastes found in urine? | -Urea -Uric Acid -Ammonia -Creatinine (result of protein metabolism) |
| What is the most abundant solute in urine? | Urea (nitrogenous waste) |
| What are the different electrolytes found in urine? | -Sodium -Potassium -Ammonium -Chloride -Bicarbonate -Phosphate -Sulfate |
| What are toxins found in urine? | During disease, bacterial poisons leave the body in urine |
| What pigments are found in urine? | -UROCHROMES (yellowish pigments derived from products of the breakdown of old RBC's in liver and elswhere |
| What are some abnormal constituents that may be found in urine? | -Blood -Glucose -Albumin -Casts (chunks of mucus that harden in urinary passageway) -Calculi (small stones) |
| What is the pH of urine? | 4.6-8.0 (freshly voided urine is generally acidic |
| What is the specific gravity of urine? | 1.001-1.035 |
| High specific gravity of urine can cause what? | Precipitation of solutes and the formation of kidney stones |
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