Blood Physiology
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baliwbaliw on July 22, 2009
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Functions of Blood lecture selected slides
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70 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 blood | a living connective tissue composed, by volume, of 45% cellular elements and 55% intracellular fluid; normally confined to blood vessels and chambers of heart, and is circulated through body by pumping of heart; a transporting fluid which carries vital substances to all parts of body |
| normovolemia | a human blood volume within normal range |
| hypervolemia | an above normal human blood volume |
| hypovolemia | a below normal human blood volume |
| soluble food molecules, waste products, hormones, antibodies | substances that are transported in the blood plasma |
| plasma | liquid part of blood in which blood cells and platelets circulate |
| RBCs, erythrocytes, WBC leukocytes, platelets, thrombocytes | components of the blood |
| albumin | one of the smallest proteins in plasma, originating in the liver, and making up 60% of the total plasma protein |
| globulin | a protein originating in the liver which makes up 40% of the total plasma protein; transports lipids and fat-soluble vitamins |
| fibrinogen | a soluble plasma protein manufactured in the liver; when blood clots fibrinogen converts to an insoluble protein called fibrin |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | the rate at which erythrocytes settle when blood mixed with a chemical that prevents clotting (anticoagulant) and placed in a cylinder, causing blood cells to sink below plasma as they have a higher specific gravity; heavier erythrocytes sink below leukocytes and a thin, whitish layer (Buffy coat) is formed between; men 2-10mm in 1 hour; women -20mm in 1 hour |
| hematocrit | the ratio between the volume occupied by all red cells and the volume of the whole sample of blood; adult female 37-47%; adult male 42-52% |
| hematopoiesis | the development of all types of blood cells, originating from primitive cells (pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells or PHSCs) found mainly in bone marrow |
| erythropoiesis | the development of RBCs |
| leukopoiesis | the development of WBCs |
| biconcave shape, no nucleus, haemoglobin | 3 specializations of red blood cells which increase surface area, create extra space inside, and assist it in carrying O2 |
| red blood cell count | number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood; reflects blood's O2 carrying capacity; 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males; 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females; 4,500,000-5,100,0000 in children |
| hemoglobin | the O2 carrying molecule, consisting of globin, 4 attached heme, and iron; gives red blood cells their colour and can carry up to 4 molecules of O2; each erythrocyte contains 200-300 million molecules of this |
| red blood cell life cycle | circulates for 120 days, macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs, hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, iron returns to red bone marrow, bilirubin and biliverdin excreted in bile |
| anaemia | a condition characterized by abnormally low O2 carrying capacity of the blood, resulting from marked deficiency in the number of circulating red cells, the amount of Hb in the blood, or both |
| microcytic | a symptom of anaemia where red blood cells are smaller than normal |
| macrocytic | a symptom of anaemia where red blood cells are larger than normal |
| hypochromic | a symptom of anaemia where red blood cells are a paler colour than normal |
| hyperchromic | a symptom of anaemia where red blood cells are a darker colour than normal |
| anisocytosis | a symptom of anaemia where red blood cells vary in size |
| poikilocytosis | a symptom of anaemia where red blood cells vary in shape |
| white blood cells | act as the bodies defence and part of the immune system, protecting against disease; much larger than RBCs and with a nucleus, but far fewer; 4000-13,000 per mm3; 2 types called phagocytes and lymphocytes |
| neutrophils | a type of phagocytic WBC which has a lobed nucleus and is the first to arrive at infections; light blue granules in acid-base stain |
| monocytes | the largest type of WBC with kidney-shaped/oval nuclei, which is elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, and tuberculosis; makes up 3-9% of leukocytes and leaves bloodstream to become macrophage |
| lymphocytes | a type of WBC about the size of a RBC with a large spherical nuclei, thin rims of cytoplasm, T cells (decreased in AIDS), and B cells; makes up 25-33% of leukocytes; important in immunity and producing antibodies |
| white blood cell count | number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood; average 5,000-10,000 |
| leukopenia | having a low WBC count because of illnesses such as typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS |
| leukocytosis | having a high WBC count because of acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids |
| platelets | produce tiny fibrin threads that form a web-like mesh that traps blood cells if you get cut; they then harden, forming a clot or 'scab'; 150,000-400,000 per mm3; cell fragments of megakaryocytes |
| oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen | gases in the body |
| amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids, lipoproteins | nutrients in the body |
| urea | a non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) substance of the body which is the product of protein catabolism and makes up about 50% of NPN |
| uric acid | a non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) substance of the body which is the product of nucleic acid catabolism |
| amino acids | a non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) substance of the body which is the product of protein catabolism |
| creatine | a non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) substance of the body which stores phosphates |
| creatinine | a non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) substance of the body which is the product of creatine metabolism |
| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | a non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) substance of the body which indicates the health of kidneys |
| hemostasis | a mechanism to prevent blood loss |
| coagulation | the process in which some of the blood loses its fluid consistency and becomes a clot; thrombin converts fibrinogen (a soluble plasma protein) to fibrin (now insoluble) |
| extrinsic clotting mechanism | a chemical outside the blood (thromboplastin) triggers blood coagulation when blood contacts damaged tissue |
| intrinsic clotting mechanism | a chemical inside blood triggers blood (Hageman factor) coagulation when blood contacts a foreign surface |
| hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, hypocoagulation, vitamin K deficiency | disease that cause platelet or coagulation defects, and excessive production of anticoagulants |
| agglutination | clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen |
| incompatability of blood types | due to presence of antigens embedded in erythrocyte plasma membrane and the specific antibodies in the plasma |
| antigens | chemicals that stimulate cells to produce antibodies |
| antibodies | proteins that react against a specific antigen |
| A, B, D agglutinogens | 3 strong antigens present in erythrocytes |
| agglutinin a, b, d (anti A, B, C) | 3 corresponding antibodies which are normally absent from erythrocytes if the antigen is present |
| type A | blood that contains A antigens on the RBC membrane; plasma contains anti B |
| type B | blood that contains B antigens on the RBC membrane; plasma contains anti A |
| type AB | blood that contains both A and B antigens of RBC membranes; plasma lack both anti A and B |
| type O | blood that contains neither A or B antigens on the RBC membrane; plasma contains both anti A and B |
| minor agglutination | e.g. when anti A in the donors plasma reacts with A antigen on the recipient's blood cells |
| major agglutination | e.g. when anti B in the recipients plasma reacts with the B antigen on the donor's RBC |
| blood typing | a test for ABO blood groups involving placing serum containing a know antibody (anti A or B) on a microscope slide and mixing it with a small quantity of blood to be typed; presence/absence of red cell agglutination determines the type of the unknown blood |
| A | a blood type that observed agglutination with anti A serum but not with anti B serum in a heamagglutination test |
| B | a blood type that observed agglutination with anti B serum but not with anti A serum in a heamagglutination test |
| AB | a blood type that observed agglutination with both anti A and B serum in a heamagglutination test |
| O | a blood type that didn't observe agglutination with either anti A or B serum in a heamagglutination test |
| universal recipient | a person with type AB blood that can act as a recipient for any other blood type, as it contains both A and B antigens but neither anti A or B antibodies |
| universal donor | a person with type O blood that can donate blood to any other blood type as their erythrocyte contains neither the A or B antigen to oppose the recipient anti A or B |
| Rh positive | presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membrane |
| Rh negative | lack of antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC membranes |
| Rh factor | one Rh antigen called antigen D which is strongly antigenic, unlike other Rh antigens |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | a form of Hemolytic anaemia caused by a mother conceiving and carrying a second Rh+ fetus, and maternal Rh antibodies crossing the placenta and entering the foetal blood, causing fetal erythrocytes to agglutinate, which if not replaces, could cause fetus to die from hypoxia |
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