1.
...: Nikolai Bukharin and the right wing of the Communist Party Favored:
a) a quick end to the NEP
b) relatively slow industrialization
c) declaring war on Germany
d) pardoning the leaders of the White Russian Army
e) total focus on heavy industry
2.
...: Which of the following gained new prominence as a result of the war?
a) labor unions
b) anarchists
c) the traditional aristocracy
d) female political leaders
e) church leaders
3.
...: Compared to other early Bolshevik leaders, Stalin was:
a) less intellectual
b) less internationalist
c) deeply affected by his long exile in the West
d) particularly brutal
e) a master bureaucracy
4.
"Peace, Bread, Land": Slogan for the alliance of workers and peasants who supported Lenin.
5.
"Socialism in One Country" (1924): Contended that socialism (meaning Communism) could be achieved in Russia alone.
6.
b: The Bolsheviks enacted laws with all the following effects EXCEPT:
a) divorce was made easier
b) illegitimate children were denied the same rights as legitimate children
c) marriage was no longer a religious ceremony
d) women gained protection in the workplace
e) abortion was legalized
7.
b: The Soviet New Economic Policy tolerated private enterprise in:
a) banking
b) farming
c) transportation
d) international commerce
e) heavy industry
8.
Bolsheviks: Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, they seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.
9.
c: Attempts to revise the Treaty of Versailles stemmed from all the following EXCEPT:
a) reparation questions
b) inadequate enforcement of the Treaty
c) French fears of a strong Germany
d) demands for greater self - determination
e) political unrest
10.
Cheka: Secret police, formed by Lenin, that appeared within months of the Russian Revolution.
11.
Communism and the Family (1918): Written by utopian writer, Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952) who envisioned a new kind of family that she thought will liberate both men and women. Her views include expansion of sexual freedom and the radical sharing of tasks. Wanted to replace the families with families basked on love and comradeship.
12.
d: Socialist parties wishing to join the Comintern had to do all of the following EXCEPT:
a) acknowledge Moscow's leadership
b) reject revisionist socialism
c) repudiate previous socialist leaders
d) engage in violent acts of sabotage and provocation
e) adopt the Communist Party name
13.
Joseph Stalin: Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.
14.
Leon Trotsky: (1879-1940) Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the Red Army. Led Bolshevik army to victory and later was exiled to Mexico where eventually he was assassinated by the order of Stalin.
15.
Leon Trotsky advocated all of the following ideas:: 1) Party members should be allowed to critique the government
2) Success of the revolution in Russia hinged on similar revolutions in other countries
3) Industrialization should take place through forced government ownership of farming facilities
4) Russia needed the skills and resources of other countries to succeed.
16.
New Economic Plan/Policy (NEP) (1921): Banks, heavy industry, transportation, and international commerce/trade would still be under the control of the state. However limited economic freedom and private enterprise would be tolerated.
17.
Nikolai Bukharin: Editor of Pravda and the main ideological voice for the right wing, a Communist Party faction who opposed Trotsky's drive for rapid industrialization in the 1920s. He supported Lenin's NEP. He and Stalin shared similar positions on economic development, but he was later forced off the Politburo when Stalin changed his policies in 1929. Under the Great Purges, he confessed to political crimes and was convicted and executed
18.
Normalcy: Termed by Harding. Tried to return to what was "normal" in economic and social life before WWI but it could not be reestablished.
19.
Pravda (Truth): The official Bolshevik party's newspaper whose offices were shut down by provisional government troops.
20.
Red Army: Led by Leon Trotsky. Suppressed international foreign military opposition to the new government,
21.
Third International/Comintern (1919): Created to spread the communist revolution and to make the Bolshevik model of socialism the rule for all socialist parties outside the Soviet Union. Imposed the Twenty-one Conditions on any socialist party that wished to join it. Sought to destroy democratic socialism, which is accused of having betrayed the working class through reform policies and parliamentary accommodation.
22.
Treaty of Versailles (1919): Took colonies away, gave German territory to Poland, imposed huge reparations, limited army to 100,000 men, assigned sole responsibility for planning the war on Germany, and forced Germany and its other Central Power allies to take responsibility for the loss and damage sue to war. It also dismantled Austrio-Hungarian Empire and created the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
23.
Twenty-one Conditions (1920): Imposed by the Comintern on any socialist party that wished to join it as of 1920. These conditions included acknowledging Moscow's leadership, rejecting reformist/revisionist socialism, repudiating previous socialist leaders, and adopting the Communist Party name.
24.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1922-1991): Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks
25.
Vladimir Kollentai: Husband of Alexandra Kollontai. Their marriage was not approved of because he was poor. He was partially the reason why she became involved in the first place.
26.
Vladimir Lenin: Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924), Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.
27.
War Communism: A system introduced under Bolshevik rule after 1917 which involved land being seized and redistributed, factories given to the workers, banks being nationalized, and church property being granted to the state. This was enforced by the Cheka.
Meant to impose the dictatorship of the proletariat. All decisions came from higher authorities, which did not allow citizens to have a say. The new revolutionary government:
1. confiscated and ran banks, the transport system and heavy industry.
2. seized grain from peasants to feed army and workers in the cities
3. suppressed all potential or actual sources of opposition.
28.
Warren G. Harding: (1921-1923) 29th American president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI.
29.
White Russians: Opposed the communist revolution in Russia; Became involved in a civil war with the Red Russians and lost. They could not adequately organize themselves and Allied help was insufficient to defeat the Bolsheviks.
