| Term | Definition |
|---|
| CHO | 3 elements which make up carbohydrates |
| (CH2O)n | formula of carbohydrates |
| carbohydrates | the most abundant organic compound in the plant world |
| store chemical energy, product of photosynthesis, support, component of nucleic acids, antigenic determinants | 5 functions of carbohydrates |
| monosaccharides | a composition of carbohydrates made of single simple sugars with multiple OH groups; can be triose, tetrose, pentose, or hexose depending on no. of carbons (3, 4, 5, 6); sweet tasting, soluble in water, reducing sugars, basic building blocks of other carbohydrates (reducing sugars) e.g. glucose, fructose; C6H12O6 |
| disaccharides | a composition of carbohydrates with 2 monosaccharides covalently linked (condensation reaction) by a glycosidic bond ; may be non-reducing, sweet tasting, water soluble; sucrose (table sugar, cane sugar, saccharose), maltose, lactose (milk sugar) |
| oligosaccharides | a composition of carbohydrates with a few monosaccharides covalently linked |
| polysaccharides | a composition of carbohydrates with polymers (large molecules) consisting of chains of monosaccharide/disaccharide units bonded together e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| chiral carbon | a carbon compound with the same composition but not superimposable; has four different groups |
| aldehyde group | present at one end of aldoses (type of monosaccharide) e.g. glucose; H-C=O |
| D | right (direction of rotation of plane of polarization of polarized light) |
| L | left (direction of rotation of plane of polarization of polarized light) |
| enantiomers | stereoisomers with two non-superimposable, mirror images of each other e.g. D-Glyceraldehyde and L-Glyceraldehyde |
| anomers | steroisomers that differ in configuration at anomeric carbon; normally refers to Carbon 1 |
| conformational isomers | molecule with same stereochemical configuration that differs when looked at in 3D depending on the sugar |
| phosphate esters, acids and lactones, alditols | 3 derivatives of monosaccharides |
| condensation reaction | chemical reaction that links monosaccharides to produce polymers e.g. 2 glucose form maltose, glucose & fructose form sucrose |
| maltose | glucose + glucose <--> ? |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose <--> ? |
| hyaluronic acid, heparin | 2 acidic polusaccharides |
| starch | a polysaccharide which is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose; main parts are amylose (20-25%) & amylopectin (75-80%) which are completely hydrolyzed to D-glucose; storage in plants |
| glycogen | a polysaccharide which is an energy-reserve carbohydrate in animals |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide which forms the plant skeleton |
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