Intro Cell Communication/Animal Endocrine System
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Communication amongst Cell Plants | 1. Growth and Development 2. Reproduction 3. Repair Damage |
| Communication amongst Cell Animals | 1. Growth and Development 2. Reproduction 3. Protect and repair 4. Movement and Behavior |
| Cell similarities plant and animals | Use similar mechanisms (how) Specialize via different types of equipment (what) All living cells release signals to communicate to other cells |
| Electrical | Changes in a cell's membrane potential (K and Na) Specialized form of communication (neurons and muscles in animals) Rapid, fine-tuned changes |
| Chemical | Molecules secreted from a cell (exocytosis) Slower, more long term changes Most common form of communication |
| Gap junctions | form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells |
| Contact-dependent signals | require interaction between membrane molecules on two cells |
| Autocrine signals | act on the same cell that secreted them |
| Paracrine signals | are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells |
| Plasmodesmata | Gap junctions for plants |
| Hormones | are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone will respond to the signal |
| Neurotransmitters | are chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cells. Neurons use electrical signals as well |
| Neurohormones | are chemicals release by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets |
| Local control | neighboring cells communicate to control a response within the same tissue |
| Reflex control | The tissue that issues the signal is outside/long distance from the one that carries out the response |
| Endocrine System Human Model | Oversees long term, slow changes in body |
| What are the actions at target cell? | Adjusting enzyme activity Influencing permeability and transport Increasing/decreasing gene expression |
| What secrete hormones into the bloodstream? | Endocrine glands |
| What are the 3 classes of hormones | 1. Amines 2. Peptides and proteins 3. Steroids |
| What amines derived from? | Tyrosine |
| What are steroids derived from? | Cholestorl |
| How are protein and peptide hormones produced? | 1. Made in advance 2. Packaged into secretory vesicles as inactive prohormone 3. Release via exocytosis |
| Blood transport of protein and peptide hormones? | Mostly hydrophilic, freely dissolve in plasma |
| How are Steroids produced? | 1. Produced as needed 2. Cannot be stored/stockpiled easily |
| Blood transport of Steroids? | Hydrophobic, not readily dissolved in plasma |
| How are Steroids transported? | Transported via protein carriers (shuttles) such as albumin and corticosteroid-binding globin |
| Amine type hormones | Derived mostly from tyrosine and tyrptophan which is melatonin |
| Catecholamines | behave like peptides i.e. epinephrine, norepi, and dopamine |
| Thyroid hormones | behave like steroids i.e. T3 and T4 |
| Lipophillic signal molecules | diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to cytosolic or nuclear receptors |
| Lipophobic | bind to receptors on surface of cell membrane |
| Hormones are cleared by? | Liver and kidneys |
| Half-life | time it takes to clear 50% hormone from blood |
| If it's at the target cell, it's cleared via | Endocytosis and enzyme degradation Binding proteins |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates muscle contraction in mammary glands and uterus |
| Vasopression (ADH) | Stimulates reabsorption of water in kidneys Love hormone |
| Oxytocin and ADH | 1. Made in the hypothlamus 2. Transported to post. Pituitary 3. Stored in post. Pituitary until release |
| Hypothalamus ==> Ant. Pituitary | 1. Hypophysiotropic hormones 2. Hypothalmus release hormones into blood 3. Received by ant. Pit 4. Hormone release is increased/decreased from ant. Pit. |
| Growth hormone (somatotropin) | Stimulates increased metabolism and growth Stimulate release of hormones by liver |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone (FSH and LH) | Stimulate gonads to release testosterone and progesterone |
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