Science test 11&12
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Fault | break in earth's crust along which movement occurs |
| Strike Slip fault | a type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion |
| Reverse Fault | a geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression |
| Primary Waves | the first seismic wave to reach a seismometer. Movement is by alternating push-pull pulses that travel through solid, liquid or gas. |
| Secondary Waves | These waves are slow, and they are near the surface |
| Surface waves | are the slowest and largest of the seismic waves and cause most of the destruction during an earthquake |
| Shadow zone | an area on Earth's surface where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake can be detected |
| Epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus |
| Lithosphere | the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle |
| Moho Discontinuity | boundary between crust and mantle |
| Athenosphere | plastic-like layer below the lithosphere |
| Earthquake | the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy |
| Tsunami | a huge destructive wave (especially one caused by an earthquake) |
| Liquefaction | The process by which an earthquake's violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud |
| Richter scale | measures the magnitude of an earthquake |
| Modified Mercalli scale | a scale that measures earthquake intensity |
| Seismic waves | waves of energy that are released during an earthquake |
| Focus | the concentration of attention or energy on something |
| Seismograph | a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth |
| Magnitude | the property of relative size or extent |
| Volcano | A vent or fissure in Earth's surface through which magma and gases are expelled |
| Pyroclastic flow | The expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs, and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption. |
| Vent | a fissure in the earth's crust (or in the surface of some other planet) through which molten lava and gases erupt |
| Crater | a bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano's central opening |
| Hot spot | an area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it |
| Quiet eruption | low silica magma erupts from a volcano |
| aa | A slow-moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks |
| pahoehoe | a hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth, ropelike coils |
| Pillow lava | Lava that cools underwater, taking on a distinctive pillow-like shape as it hardens |
| Explosive eruption | happens when high silica magma shoots out of the volcano |
| Shield volcano | A wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions. |
| Cinder Cone volcano | a steep, cone-shaped hill or small mountain made of teprha |
| Composite volcano | a tall, cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of tephra |
| Batholith | A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust |
| Dike | igneous rock feature formed when magma is squeezed into a vertical crack that cuts across rock layers and hardens underground |
| Sill | magma that is forced into a crack parallel to rock layers and hardens |
| Volcanic neck | A deposit of hardened magma in a volcano's pipe. |
| Caldera | the large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses |
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