| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Autonomic nervous system regulates | body temperature and coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions. |
| The two major ANS divisions are | sympathetic and parasympathatic |
| ANS is generally always | active, can activate or inhibit an organ, releases neurotransmitter,and causes short term changes |
| Brain regions that affect the ANS regulatory activities are | thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex |
| In ANS, the afferent pathways originate in | visceral receptors |
| In the ANS, the efferent pathways connect to | visceral effector organs |
| ANS differs from the SNS in the | arrangement of the neurons connecting the central nervous system to the effector organs |
| Visceral motor neurons in the CNS, _____, send axons to synapse on _____ | preganglionic neuron; ganglionic neuron |
| Ganglionic neurons | cell bodies are located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS |
| Preganglioni neurons | send preganglionic fibers to synapse on ganglionic neurons |
| the two major subdivisions in the ANS is | sympathetic division and parasympathetic divsion |
| Visceral efferents from the thoracic and lumbar segments form the ____ ____ of the ANS | thoracolumbar (sympathetic) division |
| sympathetic system AKA | "fight or flight" system |
| Sympathetic stimulates ____, increases ____, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies | metabolism; alertness |
| Visceral efferents leaving the brain stem and sacral segments form the ____ | craniosacral (parasympathetic )divisions |
| parasympathetic system AKA | "rest and repose" system |
| All preganglioni terminals release _____ and are ______ | acetylcholine (Ach); excitatory |
| all postganglioni parasympathetic terminals release ____ and effects may be ____ or _____ | Ach; excitatory or inhibitory |
| most postganglionic sympathetic terminals release _____ and effect are usually _____ | norepinephrine; excitatory |
| The sympathetic divsions consists of preganglionic neurons between ________; genglioni neurons in ganglia near the ____ ____; and specialized neurons within the ____ ____ | spnial cord segments T1 and L2; vertebral column; adrenal gland |
| sympathetic receptors include ____ and ____ receptors | alpha and beta receptors |
| _____ _____ sensitive to epinephrine and unresponsive to noreepinephrine | beta receptors |
| beta receptors produce either ____ or ____ | inhibition or excitation |
| sympathetic chains consists of about ___ cervical; ____ thoracic, ____ lumbar, and ___ sacral ganglia, and ___ coccygeal sympathetic ganglion in each sympathetic chain (answer in numbers) | 3;11-12;2-5;4-5;and 1 |
| only thoracic and superior lumbar ganglia receive _____ fibers by the way of ____ ____ | preganglionic; white rami |
| the cervical, inferior lumbar an dsacral chain ganglia receive ____ innervation from collateral fibers of sympathetic neurons | preganglionic |
| every spinal nerve receives a ___ ___ from a ganglion of the sympathetic chain | gray ramus |
| An increase in ____ and ____ activites are signs of sympathetic stimulations | cardiovascular, respiratory |
| ____ and ____ controlled by centers in pons, and medulla oblongata (coughing reflex) | cardiovascular and respiratory |
| the celiac ganglion innervates ___,___,___, and ____ | the stomach, liver, pancreas, and spleen |
| superior mesentreric ganglion innervates ____ and ____ | small intestine and initial segments of the large intestines |
| inferior mesenteric ganglion innervates ___, ___, ___. and____ | kidney, bladder, sex organs, and terminal portions of the large intestines |
| some preganglionic fibers enter one of the ____ ____ and synapses on modified neurons within the ___ ____ | adrenal glands; adrenal medulla |
| Preganglionic fibers releases ___ and ___ into the circulation, causing a prolonged sympathetic innervation effect | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| sympathetic activation effects include ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____. | increased alertness, a feeling of energy and euphoria, increased cardiovascular and respiratory activity, general elevation in muscle tone, and mobilization of energy reserves |
| stimulation of the sympathetic divisions has two distinctive results: the release of ___ at neuroeffector junctions and the secretion of ___ and ___ into the general circulation | norepinephrine; epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Alpha receptors respond to ____ | stimulation by depolarizing the membrane |
| beta receptors respond to ____ | stimulation by changing metabolic activity of cells |
| most postganglionic fibers release ____ but a few releasee ___ | norepinephrine; acetylcholine |
| postganglionic fibers innervating ___ ___ of the skin and ___ ___ to skeletal msucles release Ach. | sweat glands; blood vessels |
| parasympathetic divisions consists of ___ neurons in the ___ ___ and in __ segments of the ___ ___. | preganglionic; brain stem; spinal cord |
| ganglionic neurons in ___ ganglia located within or immediately next to target organ | peripheral |
| cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic components are __, ___, ____, and ____. | III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus) |
| ___ ___ generally promotes sedentary activities, "rest and repose", conserve energy. | parasympathetic division |
| parasympathetic fibers in the ____,____, and ______ nerves help control visceral structures in the head | oculomotor, facial and glossopharyngeal |
| parasympathetic fibers synapse in the ___, ___, ___, and ____ | ciliary, pterygopalatine, submadibular, and otic ganglia. |
| fibers in the _____ nerves supply preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to intramural ganglia within structures in the ___ and ____ cavity | vagus; thoracic and abdominopelvic |
| preganglionic fibers leaving the sacral segments form ___ ___ innervate intramural ganglia in the ___, ___, ___, and ____ | pelvic nerves; kidney, bladder, latter parts of the large intestine, and sex organ. |
| the effects produced by the parasympathetic division include _______ (11) | constriction, digestive gland secretion, hormone secretion for nutrient absorption, increased digestive tract activity, defecation activities, urination activities, respiratory passageway constriction, reduced heart rate, pupillary constriction, and sexual arousal. |
| These general functions center on ___, ___, and ___ | relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption. |
| all the parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fiber release ___ at synpases and neuroeffector junction. | Ach |
| nicotinic receptors are located on ____ and the ____ | ganglion cells of both divisions of the ANS and the neuromuscular junctions. |
| Exposure to ACh causes ___ | excitation by opening membrane channels. |
| Muscarinic receptors are located at | neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic division and those cholinergic neuroeffector junctions in the sympathetic division. |
| stimulation of ___ ___ produces a longer lasting effect that does stimulation of nicotinic receptor. | muscarinic receptor |
| the sympathetic division has ___ ___, reaching visceral and somatic structures throughout the body | widespread influence |
| parasympathetic divisions innervates only ___ structures serviced by cranial nerves or lying within the ____ and ____ cavity | visceral ; thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
| organs with ___ ___ receive instructions from both divisions (i.e. heart, digestive system, lungs, and esophagus) | duel innervation |
| in the body cavities the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves intermingle to form a series of characteristic nerve plexuses (nerve networks), which include the ___,___,___,___,___, and ____ | cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, celiac, inferior mesenterie and hypogastric plexuses. |
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