1.
2 types of homeotherms?: Ectothermic
Endothermic
2.
adaptation: a physical feature that allows survival
1.)physical
2.)physiological
3.)behavioral
ex: cold weather
1.)physical-fat/blubber, fur , feathers
2.)physiological (internal chemistry)- antifreeze(proteins and fats in blood), higher metabolism, storage metabolism.
3.)behavioral- burrowing/shelter, herding
4.)physiological and behavioral combined- hibernation and migration
3.
aerobic: process that requires oxygen
ex- strep throat, or pneumonia
4.
anaerobic: process that does not require oxygen
ex-tetanus
5.
autotrophic: type of nutrition in which organisms can make their own food
6.
bilateral symmetry: body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristic of worms, arthropods, and chordates
7.
binomial nomenclature: -discovered by Linnaus
-two name system. consisting of the genus and the species,
8.
cell wall: strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
9.
charles darwin: -ship famous for being on - beagle
-he was the captains companion
-the job of the ship was to map coastline of south america .
-5 year voyage.
-ship ended up going around the world
-he would exit the boat frequently to explore the land.
-experienced earthquake in chile
-found sea shells at the top of the andes.(he thought this was due to a flood.)
-4 years in south america, and galapagos for 5 weeks.
-married emma wedgwood who was his cousin. she was very wealthy which gave him the ability to not work.
-he then wrote books about adventures on his free time. he wrote theories about evolution in secret notebooks.
- books on barnacles, worms, plant growth, pigeons(he started studying different varieties of pigeons, this is when he started thinking of evolution.)
-
10.
cilia: short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell
11.
classification hierarchy: king philip could only find green socks
example for human:
-kingdom-animalia
-phylum-chordata
-class-mammalia
-order-primate
-family-hominidae
-genus-homo
-species-sapiens
12.
consumer: an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
13.
cuvier theory is called ?: catastrophism- catastrophes explain why we have fossils
14.
Darwin theory is called ?: natural selection.
15.
darwin/wallace theory of natural selection: -more offspring are produced than can survive
-variations are inheritable
-certain traits are adaptive
-differential reproduction in the population , not everyone has same amount of kids.
-the environment selects the adaptive traits.
16.
directional selection: idea the phenotypes of a population change in one direction.
17.
do you think their study was an example of soft or hard science?: soft, because they could not control the variables.
18.
ecologist: someone who has earned a phd , has extensive training in how to conduct field experiments, and is armed with a powerful computer to analyze all the measurements they have made on the interactions between species.
-jared diamond
19.
ecology: -modern version of natural history
- the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment
20.
Ectothermic: "outside heat "
-heat source- can easily absorb heat from the environment. (sunshine/warm rocks)
-insulation? no this would prevent them from absorbing heat.
regulate their Tb by? seeking shade or basking in the sun.
-reptiles are technically warm blooded when active.
-too hot? seek shade
-too cold? bask in sun
-ex: turtles lizards crocodiles
21.
endothermic: "inside heat"
-heat source? comes from inside
-insulation? fur, feathers, fat
-they regulate their Tb by ? fur and feathers which are their insulating layer can be fluffed up to make them warmer.
-too hot ? panting, gular flatter, or sweating.
- too cold? exercise or shivering
-ex-sheep , bunny ,goose, whales, birds & mammals
-exception- torpor- metabolic shutdown to preserve energy.
22.
every individual has how many alleles?: 2 ... one comes from mother the other from the father. you can only pass one at a time.
23.
evolution is defined as: change in gene frequencies in a population
24.
examples of theory: 1.)"continental drift" plate tectonics-
were continents together?
-shape of continents
-where fossils were discovered
-where certain plants grow
-similar rock in different places
2.)evolution-
-DNA
-embryology
-fossils
-distribution ( where things are found on earth)
-age of the earth
25.
flagella: whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
26.
genes can be thought of as: a recipe for a trait
27.
genotype: the combination of alleles.
28.
give three examples of adaptation?: physical, psychological, and behavioral
29.
give three examples of homeostasis?: oxygen levels , body temp, and blood sugar.
30.
grant study- do bill sized change over the lifetime of the bird?: no
31.
hard science: -use firm evidence that controlled experiments and highly accurate measurements can provide.
-chemistry and physics
32.
heterotrophic: cannot synthesize their own food and must obtain nutrients from other organisms
33.
homeostasis: to stay the same/maintaining internal physiological levels.
1.)oxygen levels
2.)body temp
3.)blood sugar
34.
homeothermic: "same heat"
Tb=is consistant
body temp is maintained at a temp different from environment.
ex: reptiles ,mammals ,birds
35.
how many years have the grants been doing their study: 39
36.
hyphae: the branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of Multicellular fungi
37.
lamarck theory is called ?: INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
38.
lamarck vs darwin: lamarck- individual changes
darwin- population changes
39.
lyell theory is called ?: uniformitarianism-The geologic principle that the same geologic processes that operate today operated in the past to change Earth's surface.
40.
metabolism (ways of using energy): 1-autotrophic "self feeding" - sunight ->sugar->(photosynthesis) plants->"producers"
2-heterotrophic "feeding on others"-eating / breathing (required to break down food.) animals "consumers"
41.
mrs farris favorite phrase for summarizing darwins idea: reproduction by the adapted.
42.
name five animals that are truly cold blooded?: insects, spiders, scorpions, fish, frogs
43.
natural historian: anyone with an interest in observing nature.
-charles darwin
44.
nucleus: a membrane enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
45.
phenotype: the appearance of an individual.
46.
photosynthesis: process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
47.
poikilothermic: "variable heat " Tb=Ta body temperature varies it is the same as the ambient temperature. they must live in a good ambient temp where they can withstand temp .
-ex: fish , amphibians , invertebrates "cold blooded"
-exceptions-tuna/bumble bees- their temp is a little higher than the ambient temp.
48.
population is defines as: a group of individuals in an area that can interbreed.
49.
producer: an organism that makes its own food
50.
pseudopod: A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for movement of taking in food.
51.
qualitative observation: an observation that is made using your senses
-natural history
52.
quantitative observation: an observation that deals with a number or amount
-ecology/chemistry
53.
question to theory: question->hypothesis "guess"->experiment->results->interpretation->theory ( this occurs if tested by other people with different experiments, and ends up at same interpretation)
54.
radial symmetry: body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars
55.
rat intelligence maze experiment: observation- heavy rats are smart/ smart rats are fat
potential problems with experiment-
1.)are large rats faster
2.)smell- other rats or cheese?
3.)old/young?
4.)genetic
5.)time of day
6.)sex- male chasing female in heat or cheese
56.
soft science: you cant control all the variables; perhaps you cant control any variable. you may even find it hard to decide what the variable is. you can still use empirical tests to gain knowledge, but the types of tests use in hard sciences must be modified. political science and psychology
57.
specific types of genes are called ?: alleles
58.
statistics: average range of extremes.
59.
taxonomy: organizing and naming specific living thing.
science of naming and classifying.
-3-100 million species exist.
ex- aristotle- polynomial
linnaus-binomial nomenclature
60.
temperature inside an animal: "Tb" boby tempreture
61.
temperature outside an animal: "Ta" ambient temperature- temp right next to skin .
62.
theory: idea that explains something and is supported by data
63.
uniformitarianism: The geologic principle that the same geologic processes that operate today operated in the past to change Earth's surface.
64.
wallace: -had idea about natural selection.
-darwin had the same idea
- they decided to publish together
-initially people ignored them but then they published "origin of species" and people started to understand.
65.
Wallace theory is called: Natural selection .
66.
what are the characteristics of life?: -behavior (response to a stimulus)
-organization ( color pattern)
-reproduction (genes)
-metabolism- use of energy
-homeostasis (stay same)
-adaptation
67.
what is the difference between homeostasis and adaptation?: you are born with adaptation, not homeostasis
68.
what kind of names did aristotle use ?: polynomial system (many name system)
69.
what naming system do we use today?: binomial nomenclature
70.
where did the thin billed birds come from if the big billed birds were so common.: they were always there. the big birds were common due to natural selection, but the environment dictates who will be selected, and at a time when the environment was different the thin billed birds were selected.
