BIOLOGY
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Created by:
russ6258 on July 27, 2009
Subjects:
Mitosis and Meiosis, cell division
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell division | the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
| mitosis | division of the cell nucleus |
| cytokinesis | division of the cell cytoplasm |
| chromatids | after DNA replication, the chromosome consists of two identical "sister" chromosomes |
| centromere | the location where each pair of chromatids are attached |
| interphase | period in cell cycle in between cell division where cell growth and DNA replication occur |
| cell cycle | a series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides |
| G1 phase | the first gap phase of interphase where the cells do most of their growing, cells increase in size and make new proteins and organelles |
| S phase | the second phase of interphase in which chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA molecules take place |
| G2 phase | the third and shortest phase of interphase, the second gap phase where many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced |
| M phase | the phase in the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis occur resulting in cell division |
| mitosis | four phases include: prophase, metaphase,anaphase, telophase |
| mitosis prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and becomes visable, centrioles separate and move to opposite sides of the nucleus, spindle begins to form, nucluer envelope bracks down |
| mitosis metaphase | second stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, mictotubles connect the centromere of each chromosome to the 2 poles of the spindle |
| mitosis anaphase | third phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart into two groups near the poles of the spindle, phase ends when chromosomes stop moving |
| cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells | cytoplasm pinches in half, each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes |
| spindle fibers | a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes |
| centrioles | two tiny structures located in the cell cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope |
| mitosis telophase | fourth and final stage of mitosis, distinct and condensed chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material, nucleqar envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes, spindle begins to break down, nucleolus becomes visable in each daughter nucleus- mitosis complete, but not cell division |
| cytokinesis in prokaryotic cells | a cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei, the cell plate develops into a separating membrane, a cell wall begins to appear in teh cell plate |
| cancer | disease related to cell division and life span where cells do not die on schedule resulting in overcrowding and uncontrolled growth of cells |
| cyclins | family of closely related proteins which regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells |
| Tim Hunt and Mark Kirschner | scientists who discovered that cells in mitosis contain a protein that when injected into a nondividing cell, would cause mitosis |
| Gregor Mendel | father of genetics |
| Mendel's principles | each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its "parents", when an organism produces its gametes, those two sets of genes must be separated from each other so that each gamete contains just one set of genes |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent |
| diploid cells | cells that contain both sets of homologous chromosomes, two complete sets of chromosomes and two completed sets of genes |
| 2N | number of chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| haploid cells | gametes of sexually reproducing organisms which contain only a single set of chromosomes and a single set of genes |
| N=(number of chromosomes) | haploid cells contain |
| gamete | specialised haploid cell involved in sexual reproduction |
| zygote | first cell formed from fertilised egg |
| meiosis | process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| meiosis | process where 4 haploid cells that are genetically different from one another and from the original cell are created |
| mitosis | results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells |
| male meiosis | results in 4 equal sized cells that become gametes called sperm |
| female meiosis | results in one large egg cell and three cells called polar bodies that are not involved in reproduction |
| crossing over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
| meiosis | interphase 1, Meiosis 1, Meiosis 2 |
| meiosis interphase 1 | cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes, occurs only before meiosis 1, not meiosis 2 |
| mieosis prophase 1 | spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes |
| meiosis metaphase 1 | each chromosome pairs with corresponding homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad |
| meiosis anaphase 1 | fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell |
| meiosis telophase 1 and cytokinesis | nuclear membranes form, the cell separates into 2 cells |
| meiosis prophase 2 | each cell's chromosomes has 2 chromatids |
| meiosis 1 | results in 2 haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell, the daughter cells have a set of chromosomes and alleles that are different from each other an from the original diploid cell |
| meiosis 2 | 2 daughter cells from meiosis now enter second meiotic division |
| meiosis metaphase 2 | chromosomes line up in the center of each cell like in mitosis |
| meiosis anaphase 2 | paired chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
| Meiosis telophase 2 and cytokinesis | nuclear membranes form and each cell separates into two cells = 4 hapliod daughter cells |
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