Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 11: Cell Communication
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StaticThunder on March 6, 2012
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19 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 signal transduction pathway | a series of steps linking a mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to a specific cellular response |
| local regulator | a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted |
| hormone | in multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells' functioning; important in long-distance signaling |
| transduction | a process in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these 2 cells are members of different species , transduction results in horizontal gene transfer; in cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response; aka signal transduction |
| response | in cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell; in feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable. |
| ligand | a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. |
| G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) | a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signalling molecule by activating a G protein; also called G protein-linked receptor |
| G protein | a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell |
| receptor tryosine kinase (RTK) | a receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein; respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and the phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer, then activate other signal transduction proteins within the wall |
| ligand-gated ion channel | a transmembrane protein containing a pore that opens or closes as it changes shape in response to a signalling molecule (lligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions; ionotrophic receptor |
| protein kinase | an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein |
| protein phosphatase | an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effects of a protein kinase. |
| second messenger | a small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signalling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells; regulator of some bacterial operons |
| adenylyl cyclase | an enzyme that converts ATP to cylclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal |
| inositol trisphosphate (IP3) | a second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain signalling molecules and a subsequent second messenger, Ca2+, by causing a ris in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) | a second messenger produced by the cleavage of the phopholipid PIP2 in the plasma membrane |
| scaffolding protein | a type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction |
| apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell |
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